

     ,,NEW ,,9T]N,NAL ,,MANUAL
                ,,(
       ,,BRL ,,MUSIC ,,NOT,N

            333333333333

     ,BRL ,MUSIC ,SUBCOMMITTEE
         ,,_W ,,BL ,,UNION

     ,-PIL$ 0,,BETTYE ,,KROLICK



        ,9 #C ,BRL ,VOLUMES

             ,VOLUME ,I







        ,BRL ,PRESS ,Z@URI*
               #AIIF

,,ISBN #IJ-IJJIBFI-B


,AN 9K PR9T V].N ( ? BOOK IS AVAILA#
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  ,FAX3 7#CA7 #BJ-FBJ-HDEI

,A MUL"TDIA ,W9D[S ;,,CD-,,ROM V].N
( ? BOOK IS AVAILA# F
  ,OPUS ,TE*NOLOGIES
  #ACCC ,?"UH1D ,/4
  ,SAN ,DIEGO1 ,,CA #IBABI1 ,U4,S4,A
  ,TEL/,FAX3 7#A7 #FAI-ECH-IDJA
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              ,,3T5TS

,PREFACE ''''''''''''''''''''' ;VII
,-PIL]'S ,NOTES '''''''''''''' ;XIII

     ,,"P ,,"O3 ,,G5]AL ,,SIGNS
,PURPOSE & ,G5]AL ,PR9CIPLES ''' #A
,I4 ,BASIC ,SIGNS '''''''''''''' #C
  ,A4 ,NOTES & ,RE/S ''''''''''' #C
  ,B4 ,OCTAVE ,M>KS '''''''''''' #G
,,II4 ,CLEFS ''''''''''''''''''' #AJ
,,III4 ,A3ID5TALS1 ,KEY & ,"T
      ,SIGNATURES '''''''''''''' #AC
  ,A4 ,A3ID5TALS ''''''''''''''' #AC
  ,B4 ,KEY & ,"T ,SIGNATURES ''' #AD
,,IV4 ,RHY?MIC ,GR\PS '''''''''' #AG
,V4 ,*ORDS ''''''''''''''''''''' #BB
  ,A4 ,9T]VALS ''''''''''''''''' #BB
  ,B4 ,IN-A3ORDS ''''''''''''''' #BF
  ,C4 ,MOV+ ,NOTE SIGNS '''''''' #CJ
  ,D4 ,/EM SIGNS ''''''''''''''' #CB
,,VI4 ,SLURS & ,TIES ''''''''''' #CD
  ,A4 ,SLURS ''''''''''''''''''' #CD
  ,B4 ,TIES '''''''''''''''''''' #DJ
  ,C4 ,M ,SLURS & ,TIES = ,USE 9
      ,SEC;N-BY-SEC;N ,=MATS ''' #DC

               ,3T5TS           ;III
,,VII4 ,TREMOLOS '''''''''''''' #DG
  ,A4 ,REPETI;N ''''''''''''''' #DG
  ,B4 ,ALT]N,N '''''''''''''''' #DH
,,VIII4 ,F+]+ ''''''''''''''''' #EJ
  ,A4 ,KEYBO>D ,9/RU;TS ''''''' #EJ
  ,B4 ,/R+ ,9/RU;TS ''''''''''' #EB
    #A4 ,LEFT ,H& ''''''''''''' #EB
    #B4 ,"R H& '''''''''''''''' #ED
,,IX4 ,B> ,L9ES & ,REP1TS ''''' #EF
  ,A4 ,B> ,L9ES ''''''''''''''' #EF
  ,B4 ,PR9T ,REP1TS ''''''''''' #EG
  ,C4 ,BRL ,REP1TS '''''''''''' #EI
    #A4 ,"P-M1SURE REP1TS ''''' #FJ
    #B4 ,FULL-M1SURE REP1TS ''' #FG
    #C4 ,BRL ,SEGNO ''''''''''' #GB
    #D4 ,P>ALLEL ,MO;N '''''''' #GC
    #E4 ,SEQU;E ,A2REVI,N ''''' #GE
  ,D4 ,V>IANTS '''''''''''''''' #GF
,X4 ,NU.ES '''''''''''''''''''' #GI
,,XI4 ,ORNA;TS '''''''''''''''' #HE
,,XII4 ,!ORY '''''''''''''''''' #IF
  ,A4 ,*ORD ,SYMBOLS '''''''''' #IF
  ,B4 ,FIGUR$ ,BASS & ,H>MONIC
      ,ANALYSIS ''''''''''''''' #AJD
    #A4 ,FIGUR$ ,BASS ''''''''' #AJE
    #B4 ,H>MONIC ,ANALYSIS '''' #AJH
  ,C4 ,BRACKETS ''''''''''''''' #AAD

,,XIII4 ,MOD]N ,NOT,N ''''''''' #AAG
  ,A4 ,NOTES ) ,UNUSUAL ,%APES  #AAG
  ,B4 ,T"O ,CLU/]S '''''''''''' #ABA
  ,C4 8,FAN-%AP$0 ,RHY?MIC
      ,GR\PS '''''''''''''''''' #ABC
  ,D4 ,O!R ,SIGNS ''''''''''''' #ABE

            ,VOLUME ,,II
            ,,"P ,,TWO3
        ,,9/RU;TAL ,& ,,VOCAL
,,XIV4 ,G5]AL ,ORGANIZ,N ''''''' #A
  ,A4 ,PRELIM9>Y ,PAGES '''''''' #A
  ,B4 ,G5]AL ,F1TURES ON !
      ,MUSIC ,PAGES '''''''''''' #C
,,XV4 ,KEYBO>D ,MUSIC '''''''''' #I
  ,A4 ,PIANO ''''''''''''''''''' #I
    #A4 ,ORGANIZ,N & ,USE ( ,H&
      SIGNS '''''''''''''''''''' #I
    #B4 ,PIANO ,P$ALL+ ''''''''' #AD
  ,B4 ,ORGAN ''''''''''''''''''' #AH
    #A4 ,ORGAN ,P$ALS '''''''''' #AH
    #B4 ,REGI/R,N '''''''''''''' #BB
,,XVI4 ,VOCAL ,MUSIC ''''''''''' #BF
,,XVII4 ,/R+ ,9/RU;TS '''''''''' #CC
  ,A4 ,G5]AL ,SIGNS '''''''''''' #CC
  ,B4 ,B[$ ,9/RU;TS '''''''''''' #DA
  ,C4 ,PLUCK$ ,9/RU;TS ''''''''' #DC
               ,3T5TS             ;V
,,XVIII4 ,W9D & ,P]CUS.N
      ,9/RU;TS ''''''''''''''''' #DI
  ,A4 ,W9D ,9/RU;TS '''''''''''' #DI
  ,B4 ,P]CUS.N ''''''''''''''''' #EB
,,XIX4 ,A3ORDION ''''''''''''''' #EI
,,XX4 ,9/RU;TAL ,SCORES '''''''' #FE
,AU?ORITIES = ? "W ''''''''''''' #GA
,N,NAL ,SIGNS ( #AF ,C.TRIES ''' #GD
,9DEX ( ,SIGNS 9 ,/&>D ,BRL
  ,ORD] '''''''''''''''''''''''' #HG

           ,VOLUME ,,III
,TA#S ( ,SIGNS ''''''''''''''''' #A
,G5]AL ,9DEX ''''''''''''''''''' #CI














             ,,PREFACE

  ,? ,NEW ,9T]N,NAL ,MANUAL ( ,BRL
,MUSIC ,NOT,N IS ! RESULT ( _M YE>S
( 3SULT,NS )9 ! ,SUBCOMMITTEE ON
,BRL ,MUSIC ,NOT,N1 ,_W ,BL ,UNION
7,,WBU74
  ,X IS 3T9U+ ! S]IES ( MANUALS
PUBLI%$ AF ! 3F];ES ( ,COLOGNE1
#AHHH1 & ,P>IS1 #AIBI & #AIED4 ,?
NEW MANUAL SUMM>IZES ! RESOLU;NS &
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3F];ES & "W%OPS HELD 2T #AIHB &
#AIID4 ,UNIFIC,N 0 R1*$ ABV ALL 9 !
FOLL[+ >1S3 CLEF SIGNS1 FIGUR$ BASS1
GUIT> MUSIC1 *ORD SYMBOLS1 MOD]N
MUSIC & _M O!R S+LE SIGNS4 ,? MANUAL
AL 3TA9S MAT]IAL ( EA/]N ,EUROP1N
C.TRIES T 7 N PRES5T AT ! 3F];E (
#AIED4 ,X B5EFITS 9 S"EAL DETAILS F
MANUALS PUBLI%$ 9 ,MOSC[ 9 !
SEV5TIES & EI<TIES4
  ,IMPORTANT 4CUS.NS TOOK PLACE AT !
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          ,3T5TS--,PREFACE      ;VII
,ALL SIGNS & RULES -PIL$ 9 ? MANUAL
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  ,? MANUAL DOES N 9CLUDE E?NIC
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              ,PREFACE           ;IX
  ,) ? MANUAL ! "W ON UNIFIC,N (
,BRL ,MUSIC ,NOT,N C N 2 AT XS 5D4
,X W 2 \R FUTURE TASK 6R1* DECI.NS
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,SUBCOMMITTEE ON ,BRL
,MUSIC ,NOT,N--,,WBU
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,*AIRMAN

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             ,SAAN5 ,3F];E
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              ,PREFACE           ;XI




























         ,-PIL]'S ,NOTES

  #A4 ,) K9D P]MIS.N1 MO/ (!
EXAMPLES 9 ? BOOK H BE5 COPI$ F
EXI/+ MANUALS ( BRL MUSIC NOT,N4
,_M ( !M APPE> 9 PUBLIC,NS ( M ?AN
"O C.TRY4 ,2T C.TRIES1 ! EXAMPLES
>E USU,Y SIMIL> B N ID5TICAL1 2C (
DI6]+ LOCAL PRACTICES4 ,SELEC;NS
"H %[ V>Y+ POSSIBILITIES &
DEMON/RATE ! M -MON ME?ODS ( BRL
TRANSCRIP;N >.D ! _W US+ !
9T]N,N,Y A3EPT$ BRL MUSIC SIGNS4
  #B4 ,:5 8N,NAL0 SIGNS >E 6BE US$
9 MUSIC1 I4E41 = PLUS SIGN1 M9US
SIGN1 ETC41 ! SIGNS %D 2 LI/$ 9 !
FRONT (! PUBLIC,N4 ,N,NAL SIGNS F !
,BRL ,AU?OR;Y ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA >E
US$ 9 ? MANUAL4 ,! SIGNS >E Z
FOLL[S3
=+= ,PLUS
=-= ,M9US
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=;= ,LR SIGN
=.= ,ITALICS
          ,-PIL]'S ,NOTES      ;XIII
  #C4 ,9 ! BRL EDI;N1 ISOLAT$ MUSIC
SIGNS >E SURR.D$ 0FULL CELLS4 ,=
3SI/5CY1 KEY & "T SIGNATURES >E
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                 ,BETTYE ,KROLICK







          ,-PIL]'S ,NOTES        ;XV




























     ,,NEW ,,9T]N,NAL ,,MANUAL
     ,,( ,,BRL ,,MUSIC ,,NOT,N

      ,"P ,"O3 ,,G5]AL ,,SIGNS

   ,PURPOSE & ,G5]AL ,PR9CIPLES

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6RECORD ! 9T]N,NAL AGREE;TS MADE AT
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  #A-G4 ,! :OLE RE/ IS US$ =A -PLETE
M1SURE ( RE/ 9 ANY "T VALUE4 ,= TWO
OR ?REE 3SECUTIVE M1SURES ( RE/1 USE
=M 7A7 2L4 ,= F\R OR M M1SURES (
RE/1 USE =M 7B74 ,:5 ! SQU>E
7BREVIS7 RE/ APPE>S 9 PR9T1 USE =M
7C74

  ,EXAMPLE #A-G4
    7A7 MMM
    7B7 #DM
    7C7 M^CM




         ,B4 ,OCTAVE ,M>KS
  #A-H4 ,OCTAVE M>KS1 R ?AN CLEFS
ON A /AFF1 9DICATE SPECIFIC PIT*
LOC,NS 9 BRL MUSIC4 ,OCTAVES >E
NUMB]$ F "O 6SEV51 2G9N+ )! L[E/ ;,C
ON ! NORMAL1 SEV5-OCTAVE PIANO4 ,EA*
OCTAVE 2G9S ON ;,C & 9CLUDES ALL !
NOTES UP TO1 B N  9CLUD+1 ! NEXT ;,C
ABV4 ,! F\R? OCTAVE 2G9S ON ! 8MI4LE
;,C0 (! PIANO4 7,2C (! NUMB] (
8SIGNS0 9 ? MANUAL1 ! ORIG9AL T]M1
8M>K01 IS US$ =! _M REF];ES 6OCTAVE
M>KS "?\T ! MANUAL47
  #A-I4 ,! OCTAVE M>K IS PLAC$
IMMLY 2F ! NOTE 6: X APPLIES ) NO
9T]V5+ SIGNS4 ,EXAMPLE #A-I %[S !
OCTAVE M>KS F #A 6#G PLAC$ 2F
QU>T]-NOTE ;,C4

  ,EXAMPLE #A-I4
  @? ^? _? "? .? ;? ,?
  @@[ ;,A 2L F/ OCTAVE
  ,,? ;,C ABV SEV5? OCTAVE

  #A-AJ4 ,! F/ NOTE (A PIECE M/ 2
PREC$$ 0XS OCTAVE M>K4 ,=! SU3E$+
NOTES ! FOLL[+ RULES APPLY3
            #A-F--#A-AJ           #G
  7A7 IF ! NEXT NOTE =MS AN ASC5D+
OR DESC5D+ SECOND OR ?IRD1 X DOES N
RCV AN OCTAVE M>K EV5 IF X IS 9 A
DI6]5T OCTAVE4
  7B7 IF X =MS AN ASC5D+ OR DESC5D+
F\R? OR FIF?1 X ONLY RCVS AN OCTAVE
M>K IF X IS 9 A DI6]5T OCTAVE F !
PREC$+ NOTE4
  7C7 IF X =MS A SIX? OR M1 X M/ ALW
H XS [N OCTAVE M>K4
  #A-AA4 ,^! RULES >E ILLU/RAT$ 9 !
FOLL[+ EXAMPLE F ! 8,COLOGNE ,KEY0 (
#AHHH4

  ,EXAMPLE #A-AA4
           #D4
  .P:? [.O? W.P: N]$ :R]
  $?.[.? JDEFGHIJ NU<K

  #A-AB4 ,! EXAMPLE ABV 3TA9S A "T
SIGNATURE ON ! F/ L9E 3SI/+ (A NUMB]
#D 9 NORMAL CELL-POSI;N FOLL[$ 0A
NUMB] #D 9 L[]-CELL POSI;N 6REPRES5T
#D/#D "T4 ,EA* M1SURE ( F\R B1TS IS
SEP>AT$ 0A SPACE1 REPRES5T+ ! PR9T
B> L9E4
  #A-AC4 ,:5 ! PR9T 3TA9S 8#HVA0 &
8LOCO0 ! F/ NOTE (! 8#HVA0 7OR
8#H;BA07 %D RCV TWO OCTAVE M>KS1 !
F/ %[+ XS POSI;N ON ! PR9T /AFF &!
SECOND %[+ XS ACTUAL S.D4 ,ANY
OCTAVE M>KS NEC DUR+ ! PASSAGE M/ %[
! ACTUAL S.D4 ,! F/ NOTE AF ! 5D (!
PASSAGE IS GIV5 A D\# OCTAVE M>K 6%[
T XS POSI;N ON ! /AFF CORRESPONDS
6XS ACTUAL S.D4 ,EXAMPLE #A-AC
ILLU/RATES ? TE*NIQUE = TRANSCRIB+
8#HVA0 & 8LOCO04

  ,EXAMPLE #A-AC4
  #B4 _Y^(&Y^@Y^^Y&( _?V<K














            #A-AA--#A-AC          #I
           ,,II4 ,CLEFS
             7,TA# #B7

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #B
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  =>/L= ;,G CLEF2 TRE#
  =>/K= ;,G CLEF 9 ! LEFT H& "P
  =>#L= ;,F CLEF2 BASS
  =>#K= ;,F CLEF 9 ! "R H& "P
  =>+L= ;,C CLEF2 ALTO CLEF = VIOLA
    OR HI< CLEF = BASS
  =>+"L= ;,C CLEF ON F\R? L9E2 T5OR
    CLEF
  =>/L#H= ;,G CLEF ) SMALL #H ABV
  =>/L#8= ;,G CLEF ) SMALL #H 2L
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #B-A4 ,AL? CLEF SIGNS D N DET]M9E
PIT*ES ( NOTES 9 BRL Z !Y D 9 PR9T1
A K ( CLEF SIGNS IS VITAL 6A -PLETE
"U/&+ ( PR9T MUSIC4 ,9 PR9T1 A CLEF
SIGN APPE>S AT ! 2G9N+ ( E /AFF (
MUSIC4 ,9 BRL1 :5 CLEF SIGNS >E
US$1 !Y G5],Y APPE> ONLY AT ! 2G9N+
( PIECES UN.S "! IS A *ANGE ( CLEF4
  #B-B4 ,"S C.TRIES USE CLEF SIGNS
) ALL BRL MUSIC EXCEPT KEYBO>D
MUSIC4 ,O!RS OMIT !M = AN 9/RU;T S*
Z VIOL91 T ALW PLAYS 9 ! SAME CLEF4
,:5 AN 9/RU;T S* Z ! CELLO *ANGES
CLEFS1 ! CLEF SIGN 9=M,N IS
IMPORTANT 9 T1*+ MAT]IALS4
  #B-C4 ,! NOTE FOLL[+ A CLEF SIGN
M/ H AN OCTAVE M>K4
  #B-D4 ,DOT #C M/ FOLL[ A CLEF SIGN
IF ! NEXT "* 3TA9S DOTS #A1 #B1 OR
#C4
  #B-E4 ,:5 A TRE# CLEF SIGN IS
PR9T$ 9 ! BASS /AFF OR A BASS CLEF
SIGN IS PR9T$ 9 ! TRE# /AFF1 !
=MS ABV1 =>/K= & =>#K= >E ESPECI,Y
USE;L 6T1*]S ( SI<T$ /UD5TS4 ,SEE
,EXAMPLE #AE-AD4

  ,SIGN F ,TA# #AD
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  ="= ,HYPH5 = UNF9I%$ M1SURE
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #B-F4 ,CLEF SIGNS C APPE> ON ANY
L9E (! /AFF4 ,9 ORD] 6%[ ! L9E ON :
! CLEF SIGN IS PLAC$1 XS F9AL "*1
DOTS #A-B-C1 IS PREC$$ 0AN OCTAVE
M>K Z FOLL[S3



            ,,II4--#B-F          #AA
  ,EXAMPLE #B-F4
            #D4
  >#L^J)Z()Z(>+"L"JZ)>#L"
    "(EJH<K

  #B-G4 ,A CLEF SIGN )A SMALL #H 2L
9DICATES T ! NOTES %D S.D "O OCTAVE
L[] ?AN WRITT54 ,SIMIL>LY1 A CLEF )
AN #H ABV ! SIGN 9DICATES T ! NOTES
%D S.D "O OCTAVE HI<] ?AN WRITT53 A
#AF ABV OR 2L A CLEF SIGN 9DICATES
T NOTES %D S.D TWO OCTAVES HI<] OR
L[]4 ,EXAMPLE #B-G IS MUSIC = LUTE4
,! CLEF SIGN 9DICATES T ! NOTES W
S.D "O OCTAVE L[]1 B ! PIT*ES >E
TRANSCRIB$ Z PR9T$4

  ,EXAMPLE #B-G4
          <<#C8
  >/L#8"JZYZ) D*"F%G<K








     ,,III4 ,A3ID5TALS1 ,KEY &
           "T ,SIGNATURES
             7,TA# #C7

           ,A4 ,A3ID5TALS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #C ,A4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  =%= ,%>P
  =<= ,FLAT
  =%%= ,D\# %>P
  =<<= ,D\# FLAT
  =*= ,NATURAL
  =,%= =,<= ,A3ID5TAL ABV OR 2L !
    NOTE
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #C-A4 ,! %>P1 FLAT & NATURAL SIGNS
>E PLAC$ 2F ! NOTES1 9T]VALS OR O!R
F1TURES 6: !Y 2L;G4 ,!Y M/ N 2
SEP>AT$ F NOTES 0ANY?+ O!R ?AN
OCTAVE M>KS4
  #C-B4 ,IF AN A3ID5TAL APPE>S ABV
OR 2L A NOTE 9 PR9T1 X IS PREC$$
0DOT #F 9 BRL4
  #C-C4 ,QU>T]-/EP ALT],NS ( AN
A3ID5TAL >E 4CUSS$ "U ,MOD]N ,NOT,N4
,SEE ,P>4 #AC-AF4
             #B-G--#C-C          #AC
      ,B4 ,KEY & ,"T ,SIGNATURES
  #C-D4 ,KEY SIGNATURES REFLECT !
NUMB] ( FLATS OR %>PS1 N ! ACTUAL
PIT*ES Z 9 PR9T4 ,IF "! >E F\R OR M
A3ID5TALS 9 A KEY SIGNATURE1 ! NUMB]
SIGN IS US$4 ,SEE ,EXAMPLE #C-H4
  #C-E4 ,! NEXT NOTE FOLL[+ A KEY
SIGNATURE M/ H AN OCTAVE M>K4 ,IF X
IS N FOLL[$ 0A "T SIGNATURE1 X M/ 2
FOLL[$ 0A SPACE4
  #C-F4 ,:5 "T SIGNATURES 3SI/ ( AN
UPP] &A L[] NUMB] 9 PR9T1 ! BRL USES
UPP]- & L[]-CELL NUMB]S )A NUMB]
SIGN ONLY AT ! 2G9N+ (! -B9,N4 ,AN
UPP]-CELL NUMB] IS US$ =A S+LE-DIGIT
"T SIGNATURE4 ,9 O!R TYPES (
SIGNATURES Z WELL1 ! PR9T IS FOLL[$
CLOSELY4

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #C ,B4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  =.C= ;,C OR 8-MON0 "T
  =_C= ,B>R$ ;,C OR 8CUT0 "T
  =#D4 #AB8= ,"T SIGNATURES ) TWO
      NUMB]S
  =#D= #D 7OR O!R NUMB]7 ,"T
    SIGNATURE ) S+LE NUMB]
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #C-G4 ,A "T SIGNATURE M/ 2 FOLL[$
0A SPACE1 &! NEXT NOTE FOLL[+ X M/
H AN OCTAVE M>K4
  #C-H4 ,! KEY & "T SIGNATURES >E
-B9$ ) OR )\T "O SPACE 2T1 AC 6!
PRACTICE (! N,N4

  ,EXAMPLE #C-H4
  =% #C4= ,"O %>P1 ?REE-F\R "T
  =#D<#D4= ,F\R FLATS1 F\R-F\R "T

  #C-I4 ,:5 "! IS A *ANGE ( KEY &/OR
"T SIGNATURE1 ! PR9T M/ 2 FOLL[$
EXACTLY4 ,S* A *ANGE IS PLAC$ 2T
SPACES &! NEXT NOTE M/ H AN OCTAVE
M>K4

  ,EXAMPLE #C-I4
  ***%%%
  #D*#F%#C4

  #C-AJ4 ,:5 A NOTE APPE>S 9 A "T
SIGNATURE1 ;,C IS US$ =! NOTE "N1 X
IS %[N ) XS "T VALUE1 & X IS PREC$$
0! MUSIC PREFIX1 DOTS #F1 #C4 ,SEE
,EXAMPLE #AC-AH4
  #C-AA4 ,"S O!R UNUSUAL "T
            #C-D--#C-AA          #AE
SIGNATURES >E %[N 9 ,EXAMPLE #AC-
#AI4


























       ,,IV4 ,RHY?MIC ,GR\PS
             7,TA# #D7

  #D-A4 ,9 PR9T1 SMALL] NOTES >E (T5
JO9$ 0"O OR M HORIZONTAL B1MS 96B1TS
OR POR;NS ( B1TS4 ,EI<? NOTES >E
JO9$ 0"O B1M1 #AF? NOTES 0TWO B1MS1
#CBND NOTES 0?REE B1MS1 ETC4 ,BRL
DUPLICATES T PRACTICE )9 C]TA9
3/RA9TS4
  #D-B4 ,?REE OR M #AF?S OR SMALL]-
VALUE NOTES MAY 2 8GR\P$0 9 BRL4 ,!
MEMB]S (! GR\P W ALL 2 9 ! SAME B1T
OR POR;N (A B1T & H ! SAME VALUE4
,:5 8GR\P$01 ONLY ! F/ NOTE (! BRL
GR\P 3TA9S DOTS #C &/OR #F Z NEC4 ,!
O!R NOTES 9 T GR\P >E WRITT5 Z IF !Y
7 #H? NOTES4

  ,EXAMPLE #D-B4
  #D4 "YEFG(IJDZDJI(GFE<K

  #D-C4 ,2C A GR\P 5DS ) NOTES T
LOOK L #H?S1 IF AN #H? NOTE OR #H?
RE/ FOLL[S 9 ! SAME M1SURE & IS ON
! SAME BRL L9E1 ALL (! NOTES 9 !
GR\P M/ 2 WRITT5 9 _! NORMAL =M4
            ,,IV4--#D-C          #AG
  ,EXAMPLE #D-C4
              #D4
  "YEFG\&=(!HF EG(GFENEFGRIJD"
  JH .Y<K

  #D-D4 ,GR\P+ MAY 2 US$ IF A RE/ (!
SAME VALUE IS AT ! 2G9N+ (! GR\P4 ,X
M/ N 2 US$ IF A RE/ APPE>S 9 ANY O!R
POSI;N 9 ! GR\P4

  ,EXAMPLE #D-D4
  #C4 M"FGHMGHIMHIJ<K

  #D-E4 ,GR\P+ IS BAS$ ON ! "T
SIGNATURE1 I4E41 9 TWO-F\R1
F\R-F\R1 ETC4 #AF? NOTES APPE> 9
GR\PS ( F\R2 9 ?REE-EI<T1 SIX-EI<T1
ETC4 #AF? NOTES APPE> 9 GR\PS ( SIX4
,9 G5]AL1 #AF?S >E GR\P$ 0F\RS 9 "T
SIGNATURES )A L[] NUMB] ( TWO OR
F\R2 !Y >E N GR\P$ 0F\R :5 ! L[]
NUMB] IS EI<T OR #AF4 ,?IRTY-SECONDS
& SMALL] NOTES >E G5],Y GR\P$ 0F\RS
OR SIXES 9 RHY?MIC POR;NS ( B1TS4
  #D-F4 ,GR\P+ MAY N 2 US$ IF ! GR\P
_C 2 -PLET$ ON ! SAME BRL L9E4


  ,EXAMPLE #D-F4
              #C8
    "YEFGHI RIHG$ QHGFZDEF =&"
  =(!) ?'<K

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #A4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=^<1= ,L>G] VALUES2 #H?S & L>G]
=,<1= ,SMALL] VALUES2 #AF?S & SMALL]
=<1= ,SEP>,N ( RHY?MIC GR\PS
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #D-G4 ,9 A CASE ": SYNCOPAT$ #H?
NOTES MI<T 2 MISTAK5 =A GR\P (
#AF?S1 ! L>G]-VALUE SIGN IS A4$ =
CL>;Y4

  ,EXAMPLE #D-G4
  #B4 .&^<1EDJ! \V<K

  #D-H4 ,:5 #H? NOTES >E GR\P$ ACR A
B> L9E 9 PR9T1 ! SIGN =<1= MAY 2 US$
6%[ ! SEP>,N ( RHY?MIC GR\PS4 ,?
SAME SIGN IS AL US$ 9 "S C.TRIES
6%[ 4T9C;N ( VALUE 2T GR\PS4

  ,EXAMPLE #D-H4
  #C4 X.DJIH<1I HGF<1GFE<K
             #D-D--#D-H          #AI
  #D-I4 ,9 A4I;N 6B1MS1 NUMB]S >E AL
PR9T$ ABV GR\PS ( TRIPLETS1
SEXTUPLETS1 ETC4 ,9 BRL1 ^! NUMB]S
PREC$E ! F/ NOTE ( EA* GR\P & >E
WRITT5 Z 9 ,TA# #D4

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #D4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=_2'= ,GR\P ( TWO
=2= ,TRIPLET
=_3'= ,GR\P ( ?REE2 TRIPLET
=_6'= ,GR\P ( SIX
=_10'= ,GR\P ( T51 ETC4
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #D-AJ4 ,"! >E TWO =MS 6! TRIPLET
SIGN4 ,! S+LE-CELL SIGN IS US$ :5 "!
>E NO O!R SPECI,Y M>K$ RHY?MIC
GR\PS4 ,! ?REE-CELL SIGN IS US$ =A
TRIPLET )9 A TRIPLET &= PASSAGES ":
"! >E A NUMB] ( O!R M>K$ GR\PS S* Z
DUPLETS1 SEXTUPLETS1 ETC4

  ,EXAMPLE #D-AJ4
  .C .?2FGH2G_3'&=&E?<K

  #D-AA4 ,GR\P+ SIGNS MAY 2 D\#D1 B
9 ! CASE (! ?REE-CELL GR\P+ SIGNS X
IS UNNEC 6USE DOT #C AF ! F/ (!
D\#D SIGNS4

  ,EXAMPLE #D-AA4
              %#D4
    _7_7'"&HJDEDJ!DFGHGF"
  "ZGIJDJI_7'(J%EFGFE<K

  #D-AB4 ,:5 ! PR9T DOES N 9CLUDE
APPROPRIATE NUMB]S = TRIPLETS1
SEXTUPLETS1 ETC41 "! >E TWO S*OOLS (
?"\3 #A4 ! NUMB] ( NOTES 9 EA* GR\P
%D 2 9S]T$ Z ABV2 OR #B4 PUT ! SIGN
=<1= 2T GR\PS4














            #D-I--#D-AB          #BA
            ,V4 ,,*ORDS
             7,TA# #E7

           ,A4 ,9T]VALS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #E ,A4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  =/= ,SECOND
  =+= ,?IRD
  =#= ,F\R?
  =9= ,FIF?
  =0= ,SIX?
  =3= ,SEV5?
  =-= ,OCTAVE
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #E-A4 8,IN *ORDS 9 : ! NOTES >E (
EQUAL VALUE1 "O NOTE ONLY IS WRITT54
,! O!RS >E 9DICAT$ 0_! 9T]VALS F T
NOTE4 ,9 *ORDS : 2L;G 6! UPP] S]IES
( NOTES--SOPRANO1 ALTO1 VIOL91
VIOLA1 "R H& = PIANO1 ORGAN & H>P--
! UPP] NOTE IS WRITT5 &! L[] NOTES
>E EXPRESS$ 0DESC5D+ 9T]VALS4
  8,IN ! L[] S]IES--T5OR1 BASS1
VIOLONCELLO1 & LEFT H& = PIANO1
ORGAN & H>P--! L[E/ NOTE IS WRITT5
&! O!RS >E EXPRESS$ 0ASC5D+
9T]VALS40
      ..,MUSICAL ,NOT,N =! .,BL1
    ,BRITI% & ,=EIGN ,BL ,ASSOC41
    ,LONDON1 #AHHH4
  #E-B4 ,! QUOT,N ABV1 F ! DOCU;T
"KN Z ! 8,COLOGNE ,KEY01 E/ABLI%$ !
DIREC;NS = R1D+ & WRIT+ 9T]VALS2 &!
MEET+ XF E/ABLI%$ ! TRADI;N (!
9T]N,NAL "W T 3T9UES TD4

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #AE ,A4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  =.>= ,"R H& "P
  =_>= ,LEFT H& "P
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

  ,EXAMPLE #E-B4
             #D4
  .>.Y/ Y+ Y# Y9 Y0 Y3 Y-<K
  _>_Y/ Y+ Y# Y9 Y0 Y3 Y-<K

  #E-C4 ,9T]VALS L>G] ?AN AN OCTAVE
>E WRITT5 )! SAME S]IES ( SIGNS PLUS
AN APPROPRIATE OCTAVE M>K4 ,A N9?
IS %[N )! 9T]VAL (A #BND 9 ! NEW
OCTAVE1 A T5? IS A ?IRD 9 ! NEW
OCTAVE1 ETC4

             ,V4--#E-C           #BC
  ,EXAMPLE #E-C4
          #C4
  .>.\_0\_3]_9 P'"+<K

  #E-D4 ,A PRIME OR UNISON IS WRITT5
0PREC$+ ! SIGN = AN OCTAVE 9T]VAL )!
OCTAVE M>K %[+ T X IS S.D$ AT ! SAME
PIT* Z ! NOTE XF4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-D4
             %%#B4
  >/L":X';="0 ]"0X'"Z"- O"-<K

  #E-E4 ,IF M ?AN "O 9T]VAL FOLL[S
! WRITT5 NOTE1 NO OCTAVE M>K IS NEC
UN.S ADJAC5T 9T]VAL SIGNS >E AN
OCTAVE OR M A"P4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-E4
            #C4
  >/L.\-#0\9+3]+39 P'+0+<K

  #E-F4 ,:5 WRITT5 NOTES ( *ORDS >E
DOTT$1 ! DOTS >E PLAC$ IMMLY AF !
NOTES Z 9 ,EXAMPLES #E-C & #E-E4
,9T]VALS H ! SAME VALUE Z WRITT5
NOTES4

  #E-G4 ,! MELODIC 9T]VALS (! WRITT5
NOTES DET]M9E :E!R OR N AN OCTAVE
M>K IS NEC 2F EA* *ORD4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-G4
        %% #D4
  _>_:+9-^E'-Z-:-V<K

  #E-H4 ,IF "! >E M ?AN #C ID5TICAL
9T]VALS 9 A R[1 !Y MAY 2 D\#D4 ,!
9T]VAL SIGN IS WRITT5 TWICE AF ! F/
NOTE4 ,! FOLL[+ NOTES ( T S]IES >E
WRITT5 )\T 9T]VALS1 &! S]IES IS
CLOS$ 0WRIT+ XS 9T]VAL OR 9T]VALS
ONCE AF ! LA/ NOTE4 ,AN A3ID5TAL 2F
ANY D\#D 9T]VAL EXCEPT AN OCTAVE
MAKES X NEC 69T]RUPT ! S]IES4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-H4
          7A7 %%#D4
  >/L.:<++:EZ'OEZZ+ O%9?+V<K

         7B7 #C4
  _>^W00?W [[%0?0 T'0<K

  #E-I4 ,9 A PASSAGE ( D\#D OCTAVES
! D\BL+ NE$ N 2 9T]RUPT$ 0! O3URR;E
             #E-D--#E-I          #BE
( A3ID5TALS AT ! 9T]VAL ( AN OCTAVE4
,9 "S C.TRIES1 A3ID5TALS >E N 9CLUD$
2F AN OCTAVE 9T]VAL1 ONLY 2F !
WRITT5 NOTE ( AN OCTAVE4 ,O!R
C.TRIES M>K ALL A3ID5TALS Z !Y APPE>
9 PR9T4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-I4
  #C4 _>_D--<FE<JIH-<K

  #E-AJ4 ,A *ANGE ( CLEF )9 A "P OR
VOICE %D N CAUSE A *ANGE 9 ! DIREC;N
9 : 9T]VALS >E WRITT54

            ,B4 ,IN-A3ORDS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #E ,B4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  =<>= ,FULL-M1SURE IN-A3ORD
  ="1= ,"P-M1SURE IN-A3ORD
  =.K= ,M1SURE DIVI.N = "P-M1SURE
    IN-A3ORD
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #E-AA4 ,:5 ALL (! H>MONIC "PS D N
*ANGE AT ! SAME "T1 !Y >E %[N
0DIVID+ ! M1SURE 96VOICES ( L VALUE
& PRES5T+ TWO OR M SEC;NS (! M1SURE
8IN-A3ORD0 OR 8)0 EA* O!R4 ,:5 !
5TIRE M1SURE IS DIVID$1 ! FULL-
M1SURE IN-A3ORD IS US$4
  #E-AB4 ,! OCTAVE M>K M/ 2 %[N =!
F/ NOTE AF AN IN-A3ORD & AT !
2G9N+ (! NEXT M1SURE1 :E!R OR N T
M1SURE 3TA9S AN IN-A3ORD4
  #E-AC4 ,! ORD] 9 : ! "PS >E WRITT5
IS ! SAME Z ! DIREC;N ( 9T]VALS4 ,9
TRE# "PS ! TOP VOICE IS WRITT5 F/2 9
BASS "PS ! BOTTOM VOICE IS WRITT5
F/4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-AC
         7A7 #D4
  .>.Y<>"$:$] ")<>"\]$:<K

          7B7 %#C4
  _>_O'<>_[+\<+*]+ _R'<+<K

  #E-AD4 ,9 "S =MATS 9T]VALS MAY 2
D\#D 9 AN IN-A3ORD "P1 &! D\BL+ MAY
2 C>RI$ OV] 96! SAME VOICE ( SU3E$+
M1SURES Z L;G Z ! SAME NUMB] (
VOICES 3T9UES4



            #E-AJ--#E-AD         #BG
  ,EXAMPLE #E-AD4
              #E%#C4
  _>_O'@C<>"?'++J*[ _O'<>_['HW+<K

   #E-AE4 ,A3ID5TALS 9 "O VOICE D N
 C>RY OV] 6! IN-A3ORD "P4 ,MO/
 C.TRIES FEEL !Y %D 2 RE-M>K$ 9 !
 O!R "P & PREC$$ 0DOT #E 69DICATE !
 A3ID5TAL DOES N APPE> 9 ! PR9T
 COPY4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-AE4
               #D4
  .>'X.E<F%GH<J[<>.?'E"<$'"%G<K

  #E-AF4 ,RE/S M/ O3A.N,Y 2 A4$ 6AN
IN-A3ORD "P4 ,^! AL %D 2 PREC$$ 0DOT
#E4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-AF4
            #D4
  .>"[+H+X\GX<>"?'"X?'"X<K

  #E-AG4 ,IF ONLY "P (A M1SURE NE$S
AN IN-A3ORD1 ! "P-M1SURE IN-A3ORD
SIGN IS US$ AL;G )A SIGN 6%[ : SEC;N
(! M1SURE IS A6ECT$ 0! IN-A3ORD4
  #E-AH4 ,Z )! FULL-M1SURE IN-A3ORD
SIGN1 ! F/ NOTE FOLL[+ EI ( ^! SIGNS
M/ H AN OCTAVE M>K4 ,IF ! IN-A3ORD
O3URS AT ! 5D (! M1SURE1 ! F/ NOTE (
! NEXT M1SURE AL M/ H AN OCTAVE M>K4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-AH4
             #D4
  >/L"\H.D.K.Q"1.?JI .P'0V<K

  #E-AI4 ,Z )! FULL-M1SURE IN-A3ORD1
A3ID5TALS OR RE/S M/ 2 RE-M>K$ 7&
PREC$$ 0DOT #E7 IF !Y O3UR 9 ANO!R
IN-A3ORD VOICE4
  #E-BJ4 ,"S M1SURES MAY REQUIRE M
?AN TWO IN-A3ORD "PS4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-BJ4
          <<#C4
  >#L_Q'<>"V_S<>V"$'*F<K

  #E-BA4 ,FULL & "P-M1SURE IN-A3ORDS
MAY 2 US$ 9 ! SAME M1SURE4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-BA4
         #D4
  >/L"HF.K"I'(G&=(GFE"1
  "DI"E'YJ!)<>_(<K
            #E-AE--#E-BA         #BI
         ,C4 ,MOV+-NOTES
  #E-BB4 ,ANO!R WAY ( %[+ 9T]VAL
*ANGES T D N O3UR 9 ALL "PS AT !
SAME "T IS "? ! USE ( MOV+-NOTE
SIGNS4

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #E ,C4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=,= ,MOV+-NOTE SIGN = "O 9T]VAL
=;= ,MOV+-NOTE SIGN = TWO OR M
  9T]VALS
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #E-BC4 ,:5 TWO1 OR AT MO/ ?REE1
NOTES ( EQUAL VALUE MOVE 2L OR ABV A
L;G] NOTE1 !Y C 2 WRITT5 Z 9T]VALS
SEP>AT$ 0DOT #F4
  #E-BD4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE ! F/
TWO 9T]VALS REPRES5T HALF NOTES &!
REMA9+ 9T]VALS REPRES5T QU>T] NOTES4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-BD4
  #D4 .>.(+,9 R'+,#,9V<K

  #E-BE4 ,! MOV+-NOTE SIGN C AL 2
US$ :5 TWO OR M 9T]VALS MOVE TGR 9 A
SIMIL> MANN]1 B 9 ? CASE DOTS #E-F
>E SUB/ITUT$ = DOT #F4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-BE4
  #D4 .>.(+9;9+ R'+9;#-;9+V<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
  #D4 .>.(<>.P+N0 .R'"1.$+:9"
    ?0.KV<K

  #E-BF4 ,! USE ( OCTAVE M>KS 9 !
MOV+ "P IS GOV]N$ 0! RULES =
9T]VALS1 P>4 #A-AJ4 ,-P>E 7A7 & 7B7
2L4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-BF4
        7A7 <<<#F8
  >/L.]'-,<+,-$'0,+,*9<K

        7B7 <<<#F8
  >/L.]'$'<>"G<.E"GH.D*I<K

  #E-BG4 ,:5 AN A3ID5TAL MODIFIES A
MOV+ NOTE1 ! APPROPRIATE MOV+-NOTE
SIGN PREC$ES ! A3ID5TAL Z 9
,EXAMPLE #E-BF 7A74
  #E-BH4 ,! MOV+-NOTE SIGN MAY 2
USE;L 6VOCAL 3DUCTORS4 ,! -PLIC,NS (
F+]+1 PHRAS+1 & NU.ES1 R5D] X
UNSUITA# = MO/ 9/RU;TAL & KEYBO>D
            #E-BB--#E-BH         #CA
MUSIC4
  #E-BI4 ,T"O CLU/]S >E 4CUSS$ "U
,*APT] ,,XIII1 ,MOD]N ,NOT,N4

           ,D4 ,/EM SIGNS
  #E-CJ4 ,AN A4I;NAL /EM PLAC$ ON A
NOTE OR *ORD MAY 9DICATE A PRIME OR
UNISON 7,EXAMPLE #E-D71 "O VOICE T
2COMES AN IN-A3ORD 7,EXAMPLE #E-BJ7
OR A NOTE 6BE HELD :ILE A RHY?MIC
PATT]N 3T9UES4 ,9 ! LA/ CASE1 :5 AN
IN-A3ORD IS N SATISFACTORY1 /EM
SIGNS >E US$ 69DICATE VALUE4 ,:5 A
NOTE HAS TWO /EMS ( DI6]5T VALUE1 !
SMALL] VALUE IS WRITT5 Z A NOTE1 &!
L>G] VALUE IS WRITT5 Z A /EM SIGN4

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #E ,D4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  =_'= ,:OLE 8/EM0
  =_K= ,HALF /EM
  =_A= ,QU>T] /EM
  =_B= #H? /EM
  =_L= #AF? /EM
  =_1= #CBND /EM
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

  #E-CA4 ,/EM SIGNS >E PLAC$ AF !
NOTES 6: !Y 2L;G & MAY N 2 SEP>AT$ F
!M 0! MUSIC HYPH54 ,^! SIGNS MAY 2
DOTT$ 9 ! SAME WAY Z WRITT5 NOTES1 &
!Y MAY 2 MODIFI$ 0SLURS1 TIES &
NU.ES4

  ,EXAMPLE #E-CA4
             %%%.C
  _>'2_G_KI_A'"E?2*_G_KI_A'"F"
    %: 2_F_KI_A'"G$"
    2_F_KH_A'"F:<K
















            #E-BI--#E-CA         #CC
       ,,VI4 ,,SLURS & ,,TIES
              7,TA# #F7

             ,A4 ,SLURS
  #F-A4 ,9 PR9T1 ALL SLURS & TIES >E
ID5TICAL EXCEPT = L5G? & SLI<T
V>I,NS 9 %APE4 ,ALL (! BRL SIGNS
LI/$ 9 ,TA# #F H BE5 APPROV$
9T]N,N,Y = USE1 B _! USE IS N
M&ATORY4 ,PRACTICE 2T C.TRIES V>IES
WIDELY1 I4E41 "S C.TRIES REGUL>LY
USE SIGNS 69DICATE :E!R A SLUR OR
TIE IS 8GO+ TO0 OR 8-+ F0 A DI6]5T
IN-A3ORD OR /AFF2 "S C.TRIES USE ^!
9DIC,NS ONLY 9 -PLEX MUSIC1 & "S
C.TRIES N"E USE A 8F0 SIGN4 ,!
EXAMPLES 9 ? *APT] >E PROVID$
6DEMON/RATE ! M1N+S & POSSI# USE (
SLUR & TIE SIGNS T >E US$ AC 6!
DECI.NS ( LOCAL N,NS4

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #F ,A4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=C= ,SLUR 2T TWO NOTES OR *ORDS
=CC  C= ,PHRAS+ SLUR OV] M ?AN F\R
  NOTES OR *ORDS
=;B  ^2= ,PHRAS+ SLUR OV] M ?AN F\R
  NOTES OR *ORDS
=;B^2= ,2G9N+ & 5D ( PHRAS+ SLUR ON
  "O NOTE
=,C= ,2G9N+ & 5D ( %ORT SLUR ON "O
  NOTE
=_C= ,SLUR F "O IN-A3ORD "P 6ANO!R
="C= ,SLUR F "O /AFF 6ANO!R
=@L= ,/RAI<T L9E 2T /AVES = VOICE
  L1D+
=.@L= ,5D ( /RAI<T L9E1
="LC= ,SLUR A4$ 0AN $ITOR 9 PR9T
=;C= ,SLUR T DOES N 5D ON A NOTE
=;C= ,SLUR = %ORT APPO7IATURA2
  8GRACE-NOTE SLUR01 9 "S C.TRIES
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

  #F-B4 ,! SIGN1 =C=1 IS US$ =A
SLUR ( NO M ?AN F\R NOTES4 ,X IS
PLAC$ AF EA* NOTE (! PHRASE EXCEPT !
LA/4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-B4
               #C4
  X"HCFXX.DC <JCIX.GCEC*JC ?U<K

  #F-C4 ,:5 A SLUR EXT5DS = M ?AN
F\R NOTES1 "! >E TWO POSSI# SLURS =
USE4
             ,,VI--#F-C          #CE
  7A7 ,! =C= SIGN IS D\#D AF ! F/
NOTE (! PHRASE & REP1T$ 9 XS S+LE =M
AF ! NEXT 6LA/ NOTE (! PHRASE Z 9
,EXAMPLE #F-C 7A74
  7B7 ,! SIGN =;B= IS PLAC$ 2F ! F/
NOTE (! PHRASE &! SIGN =^2= IS PLAC$
AF ! LA/ NOTE (! PHRASE Z 9 ,EXAMPLE
#F-C 7B74

  ,EXAMPLE #F-C4
         7A7 #B4
  "\CCIJ ?EF ]FE $CDX<K

         7B7 #B4
  ;B"\IJ ?EF ]FE $D^2X<K

  #F-D4 ,:5 "! >E TWO SETS ( SLURS 9
PR9T1 ! SECOND =M ABV IS US$ =!
L;G] SLUR4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-D4
          #D%#C4
    ;B"W'CHCJC.F \'CGCFCE
  %JCCDFEG&CY W'^2XV<K

  #F-E4 ,:5 "O SLUR 5DS & ANO!R 2G9S
ON ! SAME NOTE1 "! >E TWO
POSSIBILITIES4
  ,EXAMPLE #F-E4
         7A7 #D4
    ;B_YEFG(IJDZFED)DJI
  ;B^2HJEJH"EGE JHGE?^2V<K

         7B7 #D4
    _YCCEFG(IJDZFED)DJI
  H,CCJEJH"EGE JHGEC?V<K

  #F-F4 ,:5 A SLUR PASSES F "O IN-
A3ORD "P 6ANO!R ON ! SAME /AFF1 !
SLUR SIGN PREC$$ 0DOTS #D-E-F IS
US$4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE 7A71 ! FACT T !
SLUR W G 6A DI6]5T IN-A3ORD IS
9DICAT$ IMMLY4 ,9 7B71 ! 9DIC,N DOES
N APPE> UNTIL ! PO9T ( TRANSF]4
,EXAMPLE #F-BA 7A7 %[S ! SAME MUSIC
)! A4I;N ( 8F0 SIGNS4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-F4
            7A7 #B4
    .>'X"F_CDCJC XZ_CC&=FED<>
  _C_S M;B"EFG(IHG<>_C_T "P+^2<K

            7B7 #B4
    .>'X"FCDCJ_C XZCC&=FED_C<>
  _C_S M;B"EFG(IHG<>_C_T "P+^2<K
             #F-D--#F-F          #CG
  #F-G4 ,:5 A SLUR PASSES F "O /AFF
6ANO!R1 X IS PREC$$ 0DOT #E Z 9
,EXAMPLE 7A7 2L4 ,! D\#D =M (! SLUR
IS US$ 9 7B7 2C "! >E M ?AN F\R
NOTES 9 ! PHRASE 6BE SLURR$4 ,!
O!R =M ( PHRAS+ SLUR IS US$ 9 7C74
,? EXAMPLE 9CLUDES TRACK] DOTS1 US$
ONLY 9 B>-OV]-B> =MAT4 ,EXAMPLE
#F-BA 7B7 %[S ! A4I;N (A 8F0 SIGN
6CL>IFY T ! SLUR 5DS 9 M1SURE #B4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-G4
          7A7 %%#C4
  .>"[C]C:"C V.:C0?C0 O'0<K
  _>'M "C_S^[C _O'<K

          7B7 %%#C4
  .>"I"CCHGFED V.:C0?C0 O'0<K
  _>'M _W"C[^[C _O'<K

          7C7 %%#C4
  .>;B"IHGFED"C V.:0C?0C O'0<K
  _>'M '''''''' _W[^2^[C _O'<K

  #F-H4 ,ANO!R DI6];E 9 PRACTICE 2T
C.TRIES O3URS 9 ! WAY SLURS >E
WRITT5 ) *ORDS4 ,9 ,EXAMPLES #F-G1
7A7 & 7B71 ! SLURS >E PLAC$ AF !
WRITT5 NOTES (! *ORDS & 2F ! 9T]VAL
SIGNS4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #F-G 7C71 ! SLURS
>E PLAC$ AF ! -PLETE *ORDS4
  #F-I4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #F-I1 ! VOICE
MOV+ F H&-TO-H& IS 9DICAT$ 9 PR9T )
A /RAI<T L9E1 69DICATE VOICE-L1D+1
R ?AN Z A SLUR4 ,! =@L= SIGN IS US$
=A /RAI<T VOICE-L1D+ L9E4 ,! SIGN =!
5D ( ? L9E IS AL 9CLUD$1 AL? "S
C.TRIES LIMIT ! USE (! 85D+0 SIGN
6M -PLEX SITU,NS4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-I4
         %%#C4
  .>"[]:@L V.:0?0  O'0<K
  _>'M     .@L_S^[ _O'<K

  #F-AJ4 ,EXAMPLE #F-AJ 3TA9S TWO
$ITORIAL SLURS &A /&>D SLUR 9 MUSIC
= CELLO4 ,! SLURS A4$ 0! $ITOR >E
PR9T$ ) DOTT$ L9ES1 S ! SIGN ="L=
IS US$4 ,T SIGN IS AL US$ = O!R
$ITORIAL M>K+S S* Z DYNAMICS1
P$ALL+1 ETC4



            #F-G--#F-AJ          #CI
  ,EXAMPLE #F-AJ4
           <#C4
  _YB"LC&A"LC!"LCYF'"LCY"
    *)1CIC%HCI<K

  #F-AA4 ,A SLUR T DOES N 5D ON A
NOTE OR ! 8SLUR 96NO":0 =;C= IS
ILLU/RAT$ = GUIT> 9 ,EXAMPLE #AG-CF
&= P]CUS.N 9 ,EXAMPLE #AH-AF4
  #F-AB4 ,A SPECIAL 9DIC,N T A SLUR
IS ASSOCIAT$ )A %ORT APPO7IATURA IS
ILLU/RAT$ 9 ,EXAMPLE #AA-G4 ,"S
C.TRIES USE =;C= Z A 8GRACE NOTE
SLUR0 & O!R C.TRIES USE NORMAL
SLURS1 DOTS #A-D1 = ALL
APPO7IATURAS1 Z 9 ,EXAMPLE #AA-F4

            ,B4 ,TIES

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #F ,B4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  =@C= ,S+LE-NOTE TIE
  =.C= ,*ORD TIE
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #F-AC4 ,9 PR9T1 A TIE IS NOTAT$
EXACTLY ! SAME Z A SLUR4 ,) FEW
EXCEP;NS1 TIE SIGNS >E US$ :5 ! PR9T
LIGATURE APPE>S 2T TWO ID5TICAL
PIT*ES4 ,! SIGN =A S+LE-NOTE TIE IS
PLAC$ IMMLY AF ! F/ (! TWO TI$
NOTES1 OR AF ANY SLUR1 F+]+ OR
TREMOLO 9DIC,NS 3NECT$ ) ? NOTE4 ,X
FOLL[S ! DOTS 9 ! CASE ( DOTT$
NOTES4
  #F-AD4 ,:5 A NOTE 9FLECT$ 0AN
A3ID5TAL IS TI$ OV] A B> L9E & IS N
RE-M>K$ 9 PR9T1 X IS H&L$ 9 ?REE
DI6]5T WAYS AC 6N,NAL CODES4 7A7 ,IF
! NEW M1SURE FALLS ON A NEW BRL L9E1
! A3ID5TAL M/ 2 RE-M>K$2 7B7 FOLL[
PR9T1 RE-M>K ! A3ID5TAL ONLY IF X
APPE>S 9 ! PR9T COPY2 OR 7C7 !
SECOND NOTE M/ ALW 2 RE-M>K$4
,EXAMPLE #F-AD IS WRITT5 "H AC TO
7B71 Z X APPE>S 9 PR9T4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-AD4
              #C4
  .?@C ?W<W@C W[<[@C [\<IG P<K

  #F-AE4 ,IF ONLY "O NOTE IS TI$ 2T
TWO *ORDS1 ! S+LE-NOTE TIE IS PLAC$
IMMLY AF ! APPROPRIATE WRITT5 NOTE
OR 9T]VAL4

            #F-AA--#F-AE         #DA
  ,EXAMPLE #F-AE4
            #D4
  >/L"W+@CD#E@C0:3@CD0X<K

  #F-AF4 ,IF "O OR M (! NOTES ( TWO
ID5TICAL *ORDS >E REP1T$ :ILE ! O!RS
REMA9 TI$1 ! S+LE-NOTE TIE SIGN M/ 2
US$ = EA* TI$ NOTE OR 9T]VAL4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-AF4
              #D4
  >/L.N@C#0-@CN#@C0@C- Y#0-<K

  #F-AG4 ,IF TWO *ORDS >E TI$ 9 A
SU3ES.N ( *ORDS WRITT5 ) D\#D
9T]VALS1 ! D\BL+ NE$ N 2 9T]RUPT$4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-AG4
           #F8
  .>.D##00.C DJI.CIH.G.C
  GFE?#0<K

  #F-AH4 ,9 "S C.TRIES ! *ORD TIE
SIGN MAY 2 D\#D Z3 =.CC=4




  ,EXAMPLE #F-AH4
            #D4
  >/L.N#0.CC N#3T+0 T#0S+9
    "S+3.CR@C/0 R+9<K

  #F-AI4 ,A REP1T DOES N 9CLUDE A
TIE ON ! LA/ NOTE OR *ORD (!
PASSAGE4 ,SEE ,EXAMPLES #I-BE 7A7 &
#I-BF4
  #F-BJ4 ,! A3UMULAT+ >PE7IO IS
WRITT5 Z FOLL[S3

  ,EXAMPLE #F-BJ4
  >/L'55_P^C%"R%.N5P)93+_9<K

       ,C4 ,M ,SLURS & ,TIES
      = ,USE 9 ,SEC;N-BY-SEC;N
               ,=MATS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #F ,C4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=._C= ,SLUR F ANO!R IN-A3ORD "P
=."C= ,SLUR F ANO!R /AFF
=_@C= ,S+LE-NOTE TIE 2T IN-A3ORD
  "PS
=."@C= ,S+LE-NOTE TIE F ANO!R /AFF
=._@C= ,S+LE-NOTE TIE F ANO!R
            #F-AF--#F-BJ         #DC
  IN-A3ORD
="@C= ,S+LE-NOTE TIE 2T /AVES
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #F-BA4 ,! SIGNS 9 "P 7,C7 ( ,TA#
#F >E US$ M WIDELY 9 MUSIC WRITT5 9
SEC;NS4 ,DOTS #D-F A4$ 6A SLUR OR
TIE SIGN CL>IFIES T X IS 8-+ F0
ANO!R IN-A3ORD OR /AFF4 ,EXAMPLES
#F-BA 7A7 & 7B7 >E F ! SAME MUSIC Z
,EXAMPLES #F-F 7A7 & #F-G 7B7
RESPECTIVELY4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-BA4
           7A7 #B4
     .>'X"F_CDCJC XZ_CC&=FED<>
  ._C_S M;B"EFG(IHG<>._C_T
  "P+^2<K

           7B7 %%#B4
  .>"I"CCHGFED V.:C0?C0 O'0<K
  _>'M _W."C[^[C _O'<K

  #F-BB4 ,Z )A SLUR1 DOTS #D-E-F 2F
A S+LE-NOTE OR *ORD TIE SIGN
9DICATES T ! TIE IS HELD 96A DI6]5T
IN-A3ORD "P4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #F-BB1 !
SIGN =._@C= CL>IFIES T ! TIE 9
! SECOND IN-A3ORD "P DEF9ITELY
P]TA9S 6! NOTE ,F4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-BB4
             #F4
  .>.?W\]_@CW?<>"P?:._@C]$<K

  #F-BC4 ,Z ) SLURS1 DOT #E 9DICATES
A *ANGE ( /AFF & AG1 DOTS #D-F
9DICATE T A SIGN IS -+ F AN IN-A3ORD
OR A /AFF4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #F-BC AN ;,F
F ! LEFT H& IS TI$ 6! SAME NOTE 6BE
HELD 0! "R H& 9 ! NEXT M1SURE4 ,!
SPECIAL TIE SIGN IS REP1T$ 2F ! ;,F
9 ! "R H&4 ,2C ! SIGN O3URS IMMLY AF
AN IN-A3ORD SIGN1 X IS APP>5T T X M/
2 8-+ F0 S ! SIGN ) DOTS #D-F IS N
US$4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-BC4
              #F4
  .>'#D< *.$'*Z&G<F*O<F*E<>
    *"T?@CN<W .?@CD*ZY*J*!)"
    ?@CD<)<!HI<>"@C"Q\Q$@C<K
  _>'#D< _R[JI\?<>*":\]@CQ'"@C
    _Q9?*"/^Q"9_?-<K

  #F-BD4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #F-BD1 ! SIGN =
            #F-BA--#F-BD         #DE
A CLOS+ TIE FALLS 2T A NOTE & XS
9T]VAL4 ,9 ORD] 6CL>IFY T ! *ANGE-
(-/AFF TIE SIGN IS 8F01 DOTS #D-F
PREC$E T SIGN 9 ! "R H& "P4

  ,EXAMPLE #F-BD4
             #F4
  .>"R'@CR@C\<>*"$]*:."@C*#"
    *P@C/+@C$+<K
  _>_?9*:*9"@C^\_?'J<IH<>
    "N_]R'<K

















         ,,VII4 ,,TREMOLOS
             7,TA# #G7

  #G-A4 ,"! >E TWO DI6]5T TYPES (
PR9T NOT,N LABELL$ 8TREMOLO0
0MUSICOLOGI/S4 ,"O CAUSES A REPETI;N
( NOTES OR *ORDS2 ! O!R 9DICATES
ALT]N,N 2T NOTES OR "PS (A *ORD4

           ,A4 ,REPETI;N
  #G-B4 ,"H >E ! MO/ -MONLY US$
SIGNS F ,TA# #G =! REPETI;N-TYPE (
TREMOLO3

  ,EXAMPLE #G-B4
=^B= ,REPETI;N 9 #H?S
=^L= ,REPETI;N 9 #AF?S
=^1= ,REPETI;N 9 #CBNDS

  #G-C4 ,:5 "O OR M SLA%ES CROSS !
/EM (A NOTE1 ! NOTE IS 6BE DIVID$ &
REP1T$ Z #H?S 7"O SLA%71 #AF?S 7TWO
SLA%ES71 #CBNDS 7?REE SLA%ES71 ETC4
,= /R+ PLAY]S ? 9DICATES M1SUR$1 OR
UNM1SUR$1 B[$ TREMOLO2 = W9D PLAY]S
X MAY 9DICATE FA/ T;GU+2 =
P]CUS.NI/S X 9DICATES M1SUR$ OR
            ,,VII--#G-C          #DG
UNM1SUR$ ROLLS AT DI6]5T SPE$S2 ETC4
  #G-D4 ,! TREMOLO SIGN IS PLAC$ AF
! NOTE OR *ORD & F+]+1 IF PRES5T4 ,!
REPETI;N SIGN MAY 2 D\#D 0REP1T+ !
#BND HALF (! SIGN4
  #G-E4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #G-E1 ! NOTES H
?REE SLA%ES1 S !Y >E 6BE REP1T$ Z
#CBNDS4 ,IF ! ^W 8TREMOLO0 OR XS
A2REVI,N APPE>S 9 PR9T1 T TEXT IS
BRLD 9 A4I;N 6! USE (! TREMOLO SIGN4
,9 T CASE1 ! REPETI;N IS V FA/ &
UNM1SUR$4

  ,EXAMPLE #G-E
  .C .$^11\;?W .:[[\^1<K

            ,B4 ,ALT]N,N
  #G-F4 ,9 KEYBO>D MUSIC1 ! ^W
TREMOLO USU,Y REF]S 6! ALT]N,N (
NOTES OR *ORDS4 ,! MO/ -MONLY US$
SIGNS F ,TA# #G ;,B =! ALT]N,N-TYPE
TREMOLO >E %[N 2L4

  ,EXAMPLE #G-F4
=.B= ,ALT]N,N 9 #H?S
=.L= ,ALT]N,N 9 #AF?S
=.1= ,ALT]N,N 9 #CBNDS

  #G-G4 ,! SIGNS >E PLAC$ 2T ! NOTES
OR *ORDS 6BE RHY?MIC,Y ALT]NAT$4
,BO? MEMB]S (! UNIT 6BE ALT]NAT$
USU,Y H ! SAME NOTE VALUES 9 PR9T1 &
? M/ 2 A3URATELY REFLECT$ 9 BRL4
,EXAMPLE #G-G APPE>S 6H TOO _M B1TS
9 ! M1SURES 2C ! MEMB]S ( EA* UNIT H
FULL VALUE Z NOTAT$ 9 PR9T4 ,SIGNS =
? TYPE ( TREMOLO MAY N 2 D\#D4

  ,EXAMPLE #G-G
              #D4
  >#L^D-_Y(N'.LR' N'.LR'?.L_[
  ^)+.L_(<K













             #G-D--#G-G          #DI
           ,,VIII4 ,,F+]+
             7,TA# #H7

        ,A4 ,KEYBO>D ,9/RU;TS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #H ,A4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=A= #A ,F/ F+]
=B= #B ,SECOND F+]
=L= #C ,?IRD F+]
=1= #D ,F\R? F+]
=K= #E ,FIF? F+]
=C= ,2T F+]+1 *ANGE ( F+]S ON SAME
  NOTE
=,= ,OMIS.N ( F/ F+]+ :5 #B SETS >E
  GIV5
='= ,OMIS.N ( SECOND F+]+ :5 #B SETS
  >E GIV5
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #H-A4 ,F+]+ IS PLAC$ IMMLY AF !
NOTE OR 9T]VAL 6: X 2L;GS4 ,IF A
NOTE IS DOTT$1 ! F+]+ IS PLAC$ AF !
DOT OR DOTS4
  #H-B4 ,A *ANGE ( F+]S ON "O NOTE
OR 9T]VAL IS %[N 0PLAC+ DOTS #A-D 2T
! TWO F+] SIGNS4 ,! SLUR USU,Y
APPE>S 9 PR9T Z WELL Z 9 BRL4

  ,EXAMPLE #H-B4
  #D4 >/L"?.?KCA;?.?ACK "Y<K

  #H-C4 ,:5 ! SAME F+] PLAYS TWO
ADJAC5T NOTES1 X IS M>K$ AF BO?
NOTES OR 9T]VALS4

  ,EXAMPLE #H-C4
  #D4 .>.RK#L0B-A/A?L0V<K

  #H-D4 ,9 KEYBO>D MUSIC1 ALT]NATIVE
F+]+S >E 9DICAT$ 0PLAC+ ! TWO F+]
SIGNS AF ! NOTE OR 9T]VAL4 ,! ORD] (
^! SIGNS IS IMMAT]IAL1 B ONCE T ORD]
IS E/ABLI%$1 X M/ 2 /RICTLY MA9TA9$4
  #H-E4 ,IF 9 S* A PASSAGE "O (!
F+]+S IS OMITT$ = ANY NOTE7S71 XS
PLACE M/ 2 FILL$ 0DOT #F =! F/ F+]+
OR 0DOT #C =! SECOND F+]+4 ,?
APPLIES 6KEYBO>D MUSIC ONLY4

  ,EXAMPLE #H-E4
           %%#B4
  "]BA[AB .:,1]1K ]1L$LB<K



            ,,VIII--#H-E         #EA
         ,B4 ,/R+ ,9/RU;TS

           #A4 ,LEFT ,H&

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #H ,B4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=*K= ,?UMB
=A= #A ,F/ F+]
=B= #B ,SECOND F+]
=L= #C ,?IRD F+]
=1= #D ,F\R? F+]
=K= #J ,OP5 /R+
=C= ,2T F+]+1 *ANGE ( F+]S ON SAME
  NOTE
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #H-F4 ,LEFT H& F+]+ SIGNS >E US$ Z
EXPLA9$ 9 P>AGRAPHS #H-A 6#H-E ) AN
IMPORTANT DI6];E4 ,PASSAGES )
ALT]NATIVE F+]+S M/ 2 REWRITT5 )
IN-A3ORDS OR V>IANTS4 ,SEE ,EXAMPLE
#I-EG4
  #H-G4 ,ESPECI,Y 9 ME?OD BOOKS1 F+]
SIGNS >E "S"TS FOLL[$ 0L9ES (
3T9U,N4 ,^! >E %[N 0PLAC+ DOT #C AF
! F+] SIGN AT ! 2G9N+ ( S* A L9E4
,AT ! 5D (! L9E ! F+] IS RE-M>K$ AF
! NOTE1 PREC$$ 0DOT #F4 ,X IS 2C ( ?
USE ( DOTS #C & #F1 T :5 TWO SETS (
F+]+ >E GIV51 EA* SET M/ 2 REWRITT54

  ,EXAMPLE #H-G4
           #D4
    ;B22"JA'DB'EL'F1EF"
  EFE2FE,LD,B T,A^2U<K

  #H-H4 ,AC 69T]N,NAL AGREE;T1 ?UMB
SIGNS1 L O!R F+]+ SIGNS1 %D FOLL[ !
NOTE4

  ,EXAMPLE #H-H4
              <<#C4
  >+"L'8_Z"GACHLCGA8_=*K"GCHCG"
  8_)*K"GCHCG<K

  #H-I4 ,:5 ! SYMBOL =A ?UMB IS US$
= ANO!R PURPOSE1 S* Z A 8,B>TOK0
PIZZICATO1 ! BRL SIGN REMA9S ! SAME4

  ,EXAMPLE #H-I4
            #C4
  VV.8%.G<I \>59.\*K\*K<K

>59 BEDEUTET EIN STARKES
PIZZICATO1 BEI WELCHEM DIE SAITE
AUF ,GRIFFBRETT AUFSCHLAGT4
             #H-F--#H-I          #EC
            #B4 ,"R ,H&

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #H ,B4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=P= ,?UMB .PULG>
=I= ,9DEX F+] .9DICE
=M= ,MI4LE F+] .MAYOR
=A= ,R+ F+] .ANUL>
=C= ,O!R S+LE LRS2 BRL Z PR9T$
=X= ,LL F+] .*IQUITO IF .CH IS PR9T$
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #H-AJ4 ,9/RU;TS T >E PLUCK$1 S* Z
GUIT> & BANJO1 "*I/IC,Y 9DICATE "R
H& F+]+ )! LRS ;P ;I ;M & ;A4 ,BRL
USES ! PR9T$ LRS IF ! PR9T HAS "O LR
P] NOTE4 ,9 PR9T ! LRS MAY APPE> ABV
OR 2L ! NOTES4 ,9 BRL ! LRS >E USU,Y
PLAC$ 2L ! NOTES4 ,IF TWO LRS1 S* Z
8CH0 =! LL F+] >E PR9T$1 ! LR ;X IS
US$ 9 BRL4

  ,EXAMPLE #H-AJ4
              %#D4
  >/L'*.?A*EB"IAWDA"HK<>_I"FB]L"
        M  M  I MM  I
    ]L_HL%"EA$B<K

  #H-AA4 ,R>ELY1 PR9T DOTS >E US$
9/1D ( LRS 6REPRES5T ! 8PIMA0 F+]+4
,9 T CASE1 LRS >E US$ 9 BRL4 ,9
,EXAMPLE #H-AA1 A PLUS SIGN
REPRES5TS ! ;P1 "O DOT ABV ! NOTE
EQUALS ! ;I1 TWO DOTS REPRES5TS !
;M1 ETC4

  ,EXAMPLE #H-AA4
              #D4
  >/L.&D"H.D7=E"I.E7<>"??_]]<K
      AM I M           P
















            #H-AJ--#H-AA         #EE
    ,,IX4 ,,B> ,,L9ES ,& ,,REP1TS
              7,TA# #I7

            ,A4 ,B> ,L9ES

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #I ,A4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
  7SPACE7 ,B> L9E
  =L= ,B> L9E = SPECIAL USES
  =K= ,DOTT$ B> L9E
  =<K= ,D\# B> AT 5D ( -POSI;N
  =<K'= ,D\# B> AT 5D ( B> OR SEC;N
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #I-A4 ,9 A4I;N 6HAV+ A SPACE =A B>
L9E1 A TACTILE B> L9E1 =L=1 MAY 2
US$4 ,:5 A BRL "* IS US$ =A B> L9E1
X %D 2 PREC$$ & FOLL[$ 0A SPACE4
,EXAMPLE #AG-AD 7B7 ILLU/RATES XS
USE 9 GUIT> MUSIC1 & ,EXAMPLE #AB-CC
ILLU/RATES XS USE 9 A !ORY TEXTBOOK4
  #I-B4 ,:5 A B> L9E 9 PR9T HAS A
DOTT$ OR DA%$ L9E 9 PLACE (A SOLID
L9E1 DOTS #A-C >E US$ Z 9 ,EXAMPLE
#AC-E4
  #I-C4 ,! F/ NOTE AF A D\# B> USU,Y
HAS AN OCTAVE M>K4
  #I-D4 ,IF A M1SURE 3T9UES AF A D\#
B>1 ! MUSIC HYPH5 FOLL[S ! D\# B>4
  ,EXAMPLE #I-D4
  #D4 .>;P.+<K'" X.GFE<K

         ,B4 ,PR9T ,REP1TS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #I ,B4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=<7= ,D\# B> FOLL[$ 0DOTS2 2G9N+ (
  REP1T
=<2= ,D\# B> ) DOTS PREC$+2 5D (
  REP1T
=#1= =#2= ,F/1 SECOND 5D+ 7VOLTA7
=+= ,PR9T SEGNO SIGN
=+L= ,PR9T CODA SIGN
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #I-E4 ,! SIGN =A DOTT$ D\# B>
9DICAT+ ! 5D+ (A PR9T REP1T IS PLAC$
)\T AN 9T]V5+ SPACE AF ! M1SURE 9 :
X APPE>S4 ,IF X O3URS 9 A M1SURE T
IS AFWS -PLET$ ON ! SAME BRL L9E1 X
M/ 2 FOLL[$ 0! MUSIC HYPH5 &A SPACE4
  #I-F4 ,! SIGNS =! 2G9N+ (A PR9T
REP1T & SIGNS = NUMB]$ 5D+S >E PLAC$
)\T AN 9T]V5+ SPACE 2F ! F/ SIGN (!
REP1T$ MAT]IAL4
  #I-G4 ,:5 A4I;NAL 5D+S OR UNUSUAL
NUMB]+S O3UR1 BRL FOLL[S ! PR9T4
             ,,IX--#I-G          #EG
  ,EXAMPLE #I-G4
  #1-3'M<2 #4'M<K

  #I-H4 ,! F/ NOTE FOLL[+ ANY (! ABV
SIGNS M/ H AN OCTAVE M>K1 &! F/ OR
SECOND 5D+ SIGNS M/ 2 FOLL[$ 0DOT #C
2F SIGNS 3TA9+ DOTS #A1 #B1 OR #C4
  #I-I4 ,! SIGNS = PR9T SEGNO &
CODA %D APPE> ": !Y D 9 PR9T2 !Y >E
PREC$$ & FOLL[$ 0A SPACE4 ,EXCEP;N3
9 "S C.TRIES ! CODA SIGN IS PREC$$ B
N FOLL[$ 0A SPACE4
  #I-AJ4 ,:5 ! PR9T USES TEXT S* Z
8,D4,S40 OR 8,CODA01 ? M/ 2
TRANSCRIB$ EXACTLY Z PR9T$4
  #I-AA4 ,EXAMPLE #I-AA IS A TYPICAL
SC5>IO %[+ ! ORD] 9 : SEGNO SIGNS
G5],Y APPE> AL;G ) D\# B>S USU,Y
ASSOCIAT$ ) ? TYPE ( MUSIC4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-AA4
''' + #HM<K' +L #HM>DS'<K
>CODA'MM<K

  #I-AB4 ,! NEXT NOTE AF A SEGNO
PASSAGE M/ H AN OCTAVE M>K1 & ANY
D\BL+ 9 E6ECT M/ 2 RE-M>K$ IF X IS
6BE 3T9U$4
  #I-AC4 ,9 BRL1 SEGNOS C 2 CR1T$ Z
A =M ( REPETI;N4 ,SEE P>4 #I-DG4

          ,C4 ,BRL ,REP1TS
  #I-AD4 ,A MAJOR DI6];E 2T BRL
MUSIC & XS PR9T C.T]"P IS !
9TRODUC;N ( REP1T SIGNS T D N APPE>
9 ! PR9T4 ,REP1TS T >E US$
JUDICI\SLY C HELP EASE R1D+1 ASSI/
MEMORIZ,N & SAVE SPACE4

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #I ,C4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=7= ,FULL- OR "P-M1SURE REP1T
='= ,SEP>,N ( REP1TS ) DI6]5T
  VALUES1 I4E41 =7'7=
=.7= ,REP1T 2G9N+ 9 FIF? 7OR O!R
  NUMB]7 OCTAVE
=7#D= ,REP1T F\R 7OR O!R NUMB]7 "TS
=*7= ,2G9N+ ( REP1T 9 CAD5ZA OR
  UNM1SUR$ MUSIC
=#H#F= ,C.T BACK & REP1T M1SURES
=#D#D= ,REP1T ! LA/ F\R 7OR O!R
  NUMB]7 M1SURES
=#D= ,REP1T ! LA/ F\R 7OR O!R NUMB]7
  M1SURES
=#9-16= ,REP1T SPECIFIC M1SURES
            #I-H--#I-AD          #EI
=#B9-16= ,REP1T SPECIFIC M1SURES F
  A NUMB]$ SEC;N 7I4E4 REP1T
  M1SURES #I-AF F ,SEC;N #B7
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

       #A4 ,"P-M1SURE REP1TS
  #I-AE4 ,! SIGN =7= IS US$ 6%[ A
REP1T )9 A M1SURE4 ,X APPLIES 6:AT
IMMLY PREC$ES X4 ,XS USE 9VOLVES !
EX]CISE ( GD JUDG;T & MUSICAL K4
  #I-AF4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #I-AG1 ! REP1T
SIGN IS US$ = S+LE NOTES OR *ORDS 9
DI6]+ "PS ( M1SURES1 FOLL[+ MUSICAL
B1TS4
  #I-AG4 ,A "P-M1SURE REP1T M/ N 2 !
F/ B1T (A M1SURE OR ! F/ B1T ON A
NEW BRL L9E4 7,! REP1T SIGN _C 2 US$
=! F/ B1T ( M1SURE #D EV5 ?\< X IS
ID5TICAL 6! LA/ B1T ( M1SURE #C47

  ,EXAMPLE #I-AG4
              #D4
  >/L.D"HIJ7 ??#0:+97 F+"H77"
  .=E"H.E =Z"(.ZF'+0&+07E+9X<K




  ,SIGNIFIES3
             #D4
  >/L.D"HIJD"HIJ ??#0:+9:+9
  F+"H.F+"H.F+"H.=E"H.E
  =Z"(.ZF'+0&+0F'+0&+0E+9X<K

  #I-AH4 ,REP1TS %D N 8CROSS ! B1T0
EXCEPT 9 ! MO/ OBVI\S & SIMPLE
CASES4 ,9 M1SURE #C (! EXAMPLE ABV1
! TWO REP1TS WD H BE5 9CORRECT _H !Y
2GUN ON ! SECOND HALF (! F/ B1T1 B !
FOLL[+ EXAMPLE IS NORMAL & MUSICAL 9
APPE>.E4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-AH4
               %#C4
  >/L.\--:'H<>X":+7E+ .G'(['H-<>
  X":/7E/<K

  #I-AI4 ,TWO OR M REP1TS FOLL[+ "O
ANO!R >E (! SAME VALUE4 ,:5 X IS
DESIRA# 6H REP1TS ( DI6]5T VALUES1
!Y M/ 2 SEP>AT$ 0DOT #C4




            #I-AE--#I-AI         #FA
  ,EXAMPLE #I-AI4
            #D4
  >#L^DD9-+77'77 D9-+7'77"
    D0/%#7<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
               #D4
  >#L^DD99--++DDDDDD DDDDDD9-+"
    D0/%#D0/#<K

  #I-BJ4 ,= ,EXAMPLE #I-AI1 "S
C.TRIES USE ! FOLL[+ =M ( REP1T )9 A
M1SURE2 O!RS RES]VE ? =M =A FULL-
M1SURE REP1T4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-BJ4
           #D4
  >#L^DD9-+7#F ^D9-+7#E"
    ^D0/%#7<K

  #I-BA4 ,! USE (! SLUR 9 -B9,N )!
"P-M1SURE REP1T REQUIRES "S CAU;N4
,! FOLL[+ EXAMPLES %D 2 /UDI$
C>E;LLY4
  #I-BB4 ,! USE (A "P-M1SURE REP1T
ON ! SECOND & F\R? B1TS (! FOLL[+
EXAMPLE WD H GIV5 ! R1D] 9CORRECT
9=M,N AB ! SLURS4
  ,EXAMPLE #I-BB4
  #D4 "FCHCFCHGCHCGCH<K

  #I-BC4 ,:5 SLURR$ Z FOLL[S1 !
REP1TS MAY 2 US$4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-BC4
  #D4 "FCH7GCH7<K

  #I-BD4 ,"! >E TWO TYPES ( L;G
SLURS4 ,C>E M/ 2 TAK5 T REP1TS >E
CLE>4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-BD4
           7A7 #D4
  "YCCFHFYFHCFYCCFHF7C ?VU<K

           7B7 #D4
  ;B"YFHFYFHF^2;B7 ?^2VU<K

  #I-BE4 ,! NEXT TWO EXAMPLES >E
CORRECT4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-BE4
          7A7 #D<#B4
  .>.F+7CI+97C F+7CD+7.C D+XV<K

            #I-BJ--#I-BE         #FC
        7B7 #D4
  "YFCHCFC7C7C7C ?VU<K

  #I-BF4 ,A REP1T DOES N 9CLUDE A
TIE ON ! LA/ NOTE OR *ORD (!
PASSAGE1 S TIE SIGNS M/ 2 A4$4 ,9
"S C.TRIES A TIE SIGN IS N PLAC$ AT
! 5D (A M1SURE4 ,X IS PLAC$ 2F ! F/
NOTE (! NEXT M1SURE1 ESPECI,Y IF T
M1SURE IS ON A NEW L9E OR IS SEP>AT$
F ! ORIG9AL REP1T 0AN IN-A3ORD "P4
,O!R C.TRIES D PLACE A TIE AT ! 5D
(A M1SURE Z 9 ,EXAMPLE #I-CE4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-BF4
         #D4
  .>.YFED@C7@C7@C7<>
  "[\%]*] @C.?0VU<K

  #I-BG4 ,! "P-M1SURE REP1T SIGN MAY
2 US$ = REP1T+ A PASSAGE 9 A DI6]5T
OCTAVE F ! ORIG9AL4 ,! OCTAVE M>K
AT ! 2G9N+ (! REP1T$ PASSAGE IS US$1
EV5 IF "P (! NOTES >E 9 A DI6]5T
OCTAVE4 ,X IS PLAC$ IMMLY 2F ! REP1T
SIGN4


  ,EXAMPLE #I-BG4
           #D4
  "YFHJ.7;YIHF.7 "?VU<K

  #I-BH4 ,C>E M/ 2 TAK5 9 ! D\BL+ (
9T]VALS1 ETC4 9 3NEC;N ) REP1TS4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-BH4
            #D4
  >/L"&++GHG+77!0EH0G+ &+<K

  #I-BI4 ,D\BL+ MAY 2 3T9U$ "? A
REP1T IF X IS / 9 E6ECT AFWS4 ,9
,EXAMPLE #I-BH1 ! D\BL+ 5D$ )!
REP1T1 S X 5D$ 9 BRL 2F ! REP1T
SIGN4
  #I-CJ4 ,C>E M/ AL 2 TAK5 ) NU.ES &
O!R DETAILS4 ,! SECOND B1T (! FOLL[+
EXAMPLE %D N 2 WRITT5 Z A REP1T4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-CJ4
          #D4
  >SF.YIHJYIHJ77 NU<K

  #I-CA4 ,:5 "P (A M1SURE IS F+]$ &
IS FOLL[$ IMMLY 0AN EXACT REPETI;N
)\T F+]+1 ! REP1T SIGN MAY 2 US$4
            #I-BF--#I-CA         #FE
  ,EXAMPLE #I-CA4
  #D4 "YAEBFLG1(KGFE7<K

  #I-CB4 ,! REPETI;N ( PASSAGES 9
CAD5ZAS OR UNM1SUR$ MUSIC IS MADE
POSSI# 0! USE (! SIGN =*7=4 ,X IS
PLAC$ 2F ! F/ NOTE (! PASSAGE 6BE
REP1T$4 ,T SIGN IS N ACTU,Y A REP1T
SIGN4 ,X IS US$ 6ID5TIFY ! 2G9N+ (A
FRAG;T T W 2 REP1T$4 ,! DOTT$ HALF
NOTE *ORDS 9 ,EXAMPLE #I-CB >E TI$
OV] 6! NEXT M1SURE4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-CB4
            #E<
.>;B*.;T'+93.C,<1TRPN"
  *7_>'*.T.>.RPN"7_7"
  _>'*^T*7R.>'*^T*OQ_7"7.7<K
_>'*_R'+9%3.C<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
             #E<
.>;B*.;T'+93.C,<1TRPN"
  _>'*..T.>.RPN_>'*"T.>"RPN"
  _>'*_T.>_RPN_>'*^TR.>'*^T"
  *^OQ_>_R.>'*_T*OQ_>"R"
  .>'*"T*OQ_>.R.>'*.T*OQ<K
_>'*_R'+9%3.C<K
       #B4 ,FULL-M1SURE REP1TS
  #I-CC4 ,! =7= SIGN MAY
AL 2 US$ =! REPETI;N (A -PLETE
M1SURE4 ,9 ? CASE1 X IS BRLD )A
BLANK SPACE ON EI SIDE4 ,! RULES =
"P-M1SURE REP1TS APPLY 9 G5]AL :5 !
FULL-M1SURE REP1T IS US$4 ,! FOLL[+
EXAMPLES ILLU/RATE ! MA9 PO9TS4
  #I-CD4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #I-CD BO? =MS
(! L;G SLUR >E %[N4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-CD4
    7A7
  #D4 "DCCEFGHGFCE 7 7 NU<K

    7B7
  #D4 ;B"DEFGHGFE^2 7 7 NU<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
  #D4 "DCCEFGHGFCE DCCEFGHGFCE
  "DCCEFGHGFCE NU<K

  #I-CE4 ,REP1TS ) S+LE-NOTE & *ORD
TIES >E ILLU/RAT$ 2L4 ,9 ! L;G]
ILLU/R,NS ! 9ITIAL NOTES ( RUNOV]
L9ES MAY OR MAY N />T ) OCTAVE
M>KS4 ,DI6]5T =MAT PRACTICES >E
            #I-CB--#I-CE         #FG
ILLU/RAT$ "?\T ? MANUAL4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-CE4
              #D4
  >#L_?\$?@C 7@C ?VU $"?_\$@C
  7 ]VU !+0.C 7 \#0VR#0.C 7.C
  R#0R+9<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
            #D4
  >#L_?\$?@C ?\$?@C ?VU
  $"?_\$@C $"?_\$ ]VU !+0.C
  !+0 \#0VR#0.C \#0VR#0.C
  R#0R+9<K

  #I-CF4 ,:5 A M1SURE IS REP1T$ ?REE
OR M "TS1 ! APPROPRIATE NUMB]1 )
NUM]AL PREFIX1 FOLL[S ! REP1T SIGN
)\T AN 9T]V5+ SPACE4 ,! F/ NOTE AF A
NUM]AL SIGN USU,Y HAS AN OCTAVE M>K4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-CF4
      7A7 #C8
  ;B.E<FD 7#D^2<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
             #C8
  ;B.E<FD E<FD E<FD E<FD E<FD^2<K
        7B7 %%#C8
  .>.:'0- .C7#C .C.E0-XX<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
           %%#C8
  .>.:'0-.C 7.C 7.C 7.C
    E0-XX<K

  #I-CG4 ,! FULL-M1SURE REP1T MAY 2
US$ ) AN IN-A3ORD Z L;G Z ! REPETI;N
/AYS 9 ! SAME VOICE4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-CG4
            #B4
  >/L.FE%DE<>"R+ .E*DJD<>7
  .P+<>"II%HI 7<>*"HH%GH<K

  #I-CH4 ,ANO!R ME?OD ( REP1T+ "O OR
M M1SURES 3SI/S ( WRIT+ TWO NUMB]S
TGR 2T BLANK SPACES1 ! F/ %[+ H[ _M
M1SURES M/ 2 C.T$ BACK &! SECOND %[+
H[ _M ( ^? M1SURES >E 6BE REP1T$4
  #I-CI4 ,IF ! TWO NUMB]S >E
ID5TICAL1 "S C.TRIES WRITE ONLY "O
NUMB]4 ,H["E1 IF ! "T SIGNATURE (!
PIECE 3SI/S ( ONLY "O NUMB]1 X IS
RECOMM5D$ T TWO ID5TICAL NUMB]S 2
            #I-CG--#I-CI         #FI
US$ =! REP1T R ?AN A S+LE NUMB] T CD
2 9T]PRET$ Z A *ANGE ( "T SIGNATURE4
  #I-DJ4 ,! F/ NOTE FOLL[+ ? TYPE (
REP1T M/ H AN OCTAVE M>K4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-DJ4
             %#D4
  "\'G$\ ['H]: P]'G ( #D#D<K

  #I-DA4 ,? REP1T MAY 2 -B9$ )! SLUR
Z L;G Z ! PHRAS+ IS -PLETELY CLE>4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-DA4
            7A7 #C4
  .?CC"\.?@C ?JIW #B#A@C
  .?JICW<K

         7B7 #C4
  ;B.?"\.?@C ?JIW #B^2<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
               #C4
  ;B.?"\.?@C ?JIW ?"\.?@C
  ?JIW^2<K

   #I-DB4 ,:5 M1SURES >E NUMB]$ 9 !
BRL TEXT1 ^? NUMB]S C E6ECTIVELY 2
US$ = REP1TS4 ,! NUMB]S (! F/ & LA/
M1SURES (! PASSAGE 6BE REP1T$1
PREC$$ 0! NUM]AL PREFIX & SEP>AT$ 0A
HYPH5 >E WRITT5 Z FOLL[S3

    #1-8

  #I-DC4 ,! F/ NOTE AF A REP1T )A
NUM]AL PREFIX M/ H AN OCTAVE M>K4
  #I-DD4 ,9 ! C\RSE (A PIECE1 IF "S
B>S >E REP1T$ 9 A HI<] OR L[]
OCTAVE1 ! NUMB]S 9DICAT+ ? REPETI;N
>E WRITT51 PREC$$ 0! OCTAVE M>K 9 :
! REPETI;N />TS4

    .#1-8

  #I-DE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IF S"EAL B>S >E
6BE REP1T$ )A DI6]5T EXPRES.N M>K1 !
NUMB]S 9DICAT+ ! REPETI;N >E PREC$$
0! "*S 9DICAT+ ! DYNAMIC *ANGE4 ,D\#
B>S OR DOTT$ D\# B>S MAY AL 2 A4$
6REP1TS ( V>I\S TYPES4

    >F'#1-8

  #I-DF4 ,A -MON =M ( REP1T 9
MUSIC WRITT5 0SEC;NS 3SI/S (A SEC;N
            #I-DJ--#I-DF         #GA
NUMB] FOLL[$ IMMLY 0M1SURE NUMB]S 9
! L[]-CELL POSI;N4 ,! EXAMPLE
9DICATES A REP1T ( M1SURES #I-AB 9 !
SECOND SEC;N (! TRANSCRIP;N4

    #B9-12

            #C4 ,BRL ,SEGNO

  ,M SIGNS F ,TA# #I ,C4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=+A= ,BRL SEGNO ;,A 7OR ;,B1 ETC47
="+A= ,REP1T BACK 6SEGNO ;,A 7OR
  ;,B1 ETC47
=*= ,5D ( SEGNO MUSIC 6BE REP1T$
=+L= ,CODA SIGN
=-= 7#C-F7 ,P>ALLEL MO;N
=-= 7#C-F7 ,SEQU;E ,3T9UE ! PATT]N
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #I-DG4 ,ANO!R =M ( REP1T T IS
USE;L :5 ! SEC;N 6BE REP1T$ IS AT "S
4T.E F ! ORIG9AL PASSAGE IS ! BRL
SEGNO4 ,! MUSIC IS ANALYZ$ & TR1T$ Z
IF SEGNO SIGNS APPE>$ 9 PR9T4 ,A BRL
SEGNO SIGN T 9CLUDES A LR S* Z ;,A1
;,B1 OR ;,C IS PLAC$ AT ! 2G9N+ (!
PASSAGE 6BE REP1T$4 ,! LRS REFLECT A
POSI;N Z ! F/1 SECOND1 ?IRD1 ETC41
SEGNO 9 ! PIECE4 ,! 5D (! PASSAGE
6BE REP1T$ IS %[N 0DOTS #A-F1 =*=1 &
IS FOLL[$ 0A SPACE4
  #I-DH4 ,AT ! PO9T ( REPETI;N1 !
SIGN ="+= 7) XS APPROPRIATE LR7 IS
US$4 ,? SIGN IS "S"TS FOLL[$ )\T AN
9T]V5+ SPACE 0A NUMB] %[+ ! NUMB] (
M1SURES 6BE REP1T$4
  #I-DI4 ,! NEXT NOTE AF A SEGNO
PASSAGE M/ H AN OCTAVE M>K1 & ALL
D\BL+ M/ 2 RE-M>K$4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-DI4
            %#C4
  ": +A "\W: W\\ [DJIH ]::
  \JIHG $?$ :\]* "RJD :"
  JDEF :?W ?IJDE ?W[ WHIJD
  W[\ ].:%? O": "+A "RV<K

          #D4 ,P>ALLEL ,MO;N
  #I-EJ4 ,9 KEYBO>D MUSIC :5 "O H&
MOVES P>ALLEL )! O!R AT ! 4T.E ( "O
OR M OCTAVES1 ! WRIT+ (! SECOND "P
MAY 2 A2REVIAT$ 0SUB/ITUT+ = XS
NOTES A S+LE OCTAVE 9T]VAL 7) AN
APPROPRIATE OCTAVE M>K ": ! TWO H&S
>E M ?AN "O OCTAVE A"P74 ,? DEVICE
            #I-DG--#I-EJ         #GC
MAY AL 2 US$ 9 A SCORE :5 "O "P
MOVES P>ALLEL 6ANO!R4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-EJ4
        %%_C
  .>"W#0:+9:#:+9<K
  _>'-<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
        %%_C
  .>"W#0:+9:#:+9<K
  _>_:+0\+9[#\+9<K

  #I-EA4 ,:5 P>ALLEL MO;N EXT5DS OV]
M ?AN TWO M1SURES1 ! OCTAVE 9T]VAL
IS FOLL[$ )\T 9T]V5+ SPACE 0A NUMB]1
) NUM]AL PREFIX1 9DICAT+ ! NUMB] (
M1SURES 3TA9$ 9 ! PASSAGE4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-EA4
              <<#D4
    .>'>#K_N@CDF<IJ >/L"D<I"FJ.7
  ;D.HJ<I\%GX X%GHG%FG2IH<F
  F'Z2GFE:V<K
    _>'-#E<K



       #E4 ,SEQU;E ,A2REVI,N
  #I-EB4 ,9 TE*NICAL /UDIES ": A
MELODIC FIGURE IS REP1T$ SEQU5TI,Y
_M "TS1 X IS POSSI# 6A2REVIATE !
PASSAGE 9 BRL 0USE (! SIGN ) DOTS
#C-F4 ,! FIGURE 6BE A2REVIAT$ IS
WRITT5 ONCE OR TWICE4 ,= SU3E$+
FIGURES1 ONLY ! F/ NOTE IS WRITT51 &
X IS FOLL[$ 0? SIGN4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-EB4
  #D4 "YEFDZ-&-=-<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
  #D4 "YEFDZFGE&GHF=HIG<K

  #I-EC4 ,! REPETI;N M/ 2 EXACT ) NO
MODIFIC,NS ( F+]+1 A3ID5TALS1 ETC4
,X IS G5],Y RE/RICT$ 6TE*NICAL
/UDIES & %D 2 US$ ONLY ": CORRECT
EXECU;N IS ABSOLUTELY CLE>4






            #I-EA--#I-EC         #GE
            ,D4 ,V>IANTS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #I ,D4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=5= ,V>IANT ( M1SURE 7SIGN
  PREC$ES & FOLL[S7
=5#B= ,V>IANT ( TWO 7OR O!R NUMB]7
  M1SURES
=#B5= ,SECOND 7OR O!R NUMB]7 V>IANT
  ( M1SURES
=#A5#C= ,NUMB]$ V>IANT1 FOLL[$
  0NUMB] ( M1SURES 7I4E41 ,V>IANT
  #A1 = #C M1SURES7
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #I-ED4 ,:5 AN ALT]NATIVE PASSAGE
IS PROVID$ 9 ! PR9T MUSIC1 X C 2
PLAC$ Z A FOOTNOTE ON ! BRL PAGE OR
7IN ! CASE ( V %ORT PASSAGES7 X C 2
JO9$ 6! M1SURE )! IN-A3ORD SIGN4
  #I-EE4 ,ESPECI,Y = L;G]
PASSAGES1 V>IANT SIGNS MAY 2 US$4 ,!
V>IANT SIGN =5= IS PREC$$ 0A SPACE
OR 0A NUMB] & IS FOLL[$ 0! NUMB] (
M1SURES 9 T V>IANT4 ,NO SPACE IS
LEFT 2T ! V>IANT SIGN &! MUSIC4 ,!
F/ NOTE ( EA* V>IANT M/ H AN OCTAVE
M>K4 ,EA* V>IANT 5DS ) AN UNSPAC$
V>IANT SIGN =5=4 ,! F/ NOTE (! MUSIC
FOLL[+ ! V>IANT7S7 M/ AL H AN
OCTAVE M>K4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-EE4
          #D% _C
"FCDFCD_HC"DFCD ECJECJHCJ"
ECJ 5#B2.FD"H2FD_H2^H_H"D"
&H.DF 2EJH2EJH2^H_HJZHJE5

  #I-EF4 ,IF "! >E TWO OR M
V>IANTS1 ^! >E NUMB]$ PREC$+ !
V>IANT SIGN4 ,IF A PASSAGE _H ?REE
V>IANTS !Y WD 2 PREC$$ RESPECTIVELY
0! FOLL[+ SIGNS4

  ,EXAMPLE #I-EF4
  #A5#B #B5#B #C5#B

  #I-EG4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #I-EG1 F\R SETS
( F+]+ >E 6BE PRACTIC$ )! SAME
NOTES4 ,"! >E ?REE NUMB]$ V>IANTS 9
A4I;N 6! ORIG9AL1 & EA* IS TWO
M1SURES L;G4




            #I-ED--#I-EG         #GG
  ,EXAMPLE #I-EG4
  #D4 "?A<:B?A*:B ?A<$B?A*$B
  #A5#B"?B<:L?B*:L ?B<$L?B*$L5
  #B5#B"?L<:1?L*:1 ?L<$1?L*$15
  #C5#B"?1<:K?1*:K ?1<$K?1*$K5<K

  #I-EH4 ,IF ! ALT]NATE OR V>I,N
APPE>S 9 SMALL PR9T1 ! SMALL-TYPE
SIGN1 =,5= 7,TA# #A71 %D 2 US$4



















            ,X4 ,,NU.ES
             7,TA# #AJ7

  #AJ-A4 ,TEXT & SYMBOLS >E US$ 6ADD
EXPRES.N 6MUSIC4 ,:5 ^WS OR
A2REVI,NS APPE>1 !Y %D 2 TRANSCRIB$
Z TEXT R ?AN SUB/ITUT+ SYMBOLS4 ,!
BRL %D N 3TA9 3TRAC;NS4
  #AJ-B4 ,LIT]>Y MAT]IAL IS ALW
PREC$$ 0A ^W SIGN1 =>=4 ,? 9CLUDES
S+LE LRS1 A2REVI,N1 :OLE ^WS &
GR\PS ( ^WS4
  #AJ-C4 ,DYNAMICS & A2REVI,NS >E
PREC$$ 0! ^W SIGN & PLAC$ )\T ANY
9T]V5+ SPACES ": !Y O3UR 9 ! MUSIC4
,! F/ NOTE FOLL[+ S* NU.ES M/ H AN
OCTAVE M>K4
  #AJ-D4 ,DOT #C REPRES5TS ! P]IOD
OR DOT FOLL[+ AN A2REVI,N4
,DYNAMICS S* Z .;P OR .;F >E FOLL[$
0DOT #C IF ! NEXT SIGN 3TA9S DOTS
#A1 #B1 OR #C4 ,IF TWO DYNAMICS
FOLL[ EA* O!R1 EA* M/ H XS ^W SIGN1
B DOT #C IS N NEC 2T !M UN.S X
REPRES5TS A P]IOD4 I4E41 >P>C'
  #AJ-E4 ,! OP5+ SIGNS = CRESC5DO OR
DECRESC5DO :5 PR9T$ Z DIV]G+ OR
            #I-EH--#AJ-E         #GI
3V]G+ L9ES >E PLAC$ 2F ! A6ECT$
NOTES4 ,! CLOS+ SIGNS >E PLAC$ AF
NOTES ": T]M9,N O3URS 7& AF ALL O!R
SIGNS NORM,Y FOLL[+ ^? NOTES74 ,SEE
,EXAMPLE #AJ-AG4
  #AJ-F4 ,! 5D+ SIGNS %D N 2 9CLUD$
IF ANO!R DYNAMIC FOLL[S IMMLY4
  #AJ-G4 ,= 9DIC,NS ( "O OR TWO ^WS1
USE A ^W SIGN 2F E ^W OR A2REVI,N4
,D N L1VE A SPACE 2F OR AF A S+LE ^W
OR A %ORT GR\P4

  ,EXAMPLE #AJ-G4
  "?DD>A>TEMPO"DD?<K

  #AJ-H4 ,= L;G] LIT]>Y 9DIC,NS1 !
^W SIGN IS PLAC$ 2F ! F/ (! GR\P (
^WS & AF ! LA/4 ,? IS FOLL[$ 0A
SPACE1 &! NEXT NOTE M/ H AN OCTAVE
M>K4
  #AJ-I4 ,:5 L;G] LIT]>Y EXPRES.NS
/>T )9 A M1SURE1 ! M1SURE IS
9T]RUPT$ 0A MUSIC HYPH5 FOLL[$ 0A
SPACE4 ,X RESUMES AF ! SPACE T
FOLL[S ! F9AL ^W SIGN4

  ,EXAMPLE #AJ-I4
  "?DD" >POCO A POCO CR'> "?<K
  #AJ-AJ4 ,:5 "! >E NO P>5!SES 9
PR9T1 "! %D 2 NO P>5!SES 9 BRL4 ,:5
P>5!SES D O3UR1 !Y FOLL[ ! ^W SIGN 9
BRL1 I4E41 >7DOLCE74
  #AJ-AA4 ,! SIGNS 9 ,TA# #AJ >E
GIV5 -MON "NS1 B O!R T]MS >E US$ =!
SAME PR9T SIGNS1 I4E41 ! DOT MAY
9DICATE SPI3ATO2 ! %ORT L9E MAY
9DICATE L\R@E OR T5UTO1 ETC4 ,!
DESCRIP;NS 9 P>5!SES >E M DEP5DA#
?AN ! "NS4

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #AJ4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=8= 7#B-C-F7 ,/A3ATO 7DOT7
=,8= ,/A3ATISSIMO 7PE>-%AP$ DOT7
="8= ,MEZZO-/A3ATO 7DOT & %ORT L9E7
=_8= ,AGOGIC A35T 7%ORT L9E7
=.8= ,A35T 7?9 HORIZONTAL ;,V PO9T+
  6! "R7
=@8= ,REV]S$ A35T M>K 7?9 HORIZONTAL
  ;,V PO9T+ 6! LEFT7
=;8= ,M>TELLATO 7?ICK ;,V7
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #AJ-AB4 ,AN OCTAVE M>K IS N
REQUIR$ =! NOTE FOLL[+ "O ( ^!
>TICUL,NS4 ,:5 A NU.E 2G9S )A ^W
           #AJ-F--#AJ-AB         #HA
SIGN1 I4E41 =>C=1 AN OCTAVE M>K IS
REQUIR$ =! NEXT NOTE4
  #AJ-AC4 ,EXPRES.N M>KS REPRES5T$
0SYMBOLS T APPE> DIRECTLY ABV OR 2L
NOTES 9 PR9T >E USU,Y PLAC$ 2F !
NOTES 9 BRL4 ,! EXCEP;NS >E !
F]MATA SIGNS2 !Y FOLL[ ! NOTE4 ,MO/
(! SIGNS MAY 2 D\#D IF !Y APPLY
6F\R OR M NOTES 9 SU3E.N4 ,MUSIC
-MAS1 F]MATAS & SWELLS MAY N 2
D\#D4
  #AJ-AD4 ,EXAMPLE #AJ-AD %[S D\#D
/A3ATOS ) IN-A3ORDS4 ,^! SIGNS A6ECT
ONLY ! IN-A3ORDS ": !Y APPE>4 ,9 "S
D\BL+ MAY 3T9UE F "O M1SURE 6ANO!R
IF X 3T9UES 9 ! SAME IN-A3ORD "P4

  ,EXAMPLE #AJ-AD4
              #C4
  >/L'VX.HC%GCH 8[\*] 8$8:8?<>
  VX"FCECF "T'<>88"]:\
  .N'<>"$:8?<K

  #AJ-AE4 ,:5 TWO OR M SIGNS >E
-B9$1 AN ORD] SIMIL> 6T 9 ! NEXT
EXAMPLE IS RECOMM5D$3


  ,EXAMPLE #AJ-AE4
  >/L'8.8"?<K
  >/L'8;8"?<K
  >/L.8_8"?<L<K

  ,M SIGNS F ,TA# #AJ4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=''= ,2G9N+ ( F/ L9E ( 3T9U,N
=>'= ,5D ( F/ L9E ( 3T9U,N
=--= ,2G9N+ ( SECOND L9E ( 3T9U,N
=>-= ,5D ( SECOND L9E ( 3T9U,N
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #AJ-AF4 ,! NEXT NOTE FOLL[+ !
2G9N+ OR 5D+ (A L9E ( 3T9U,N M/ H AN
OCTAVE M>K4
  #AJ-AG4 ,! NEXT TWO EXAMPLES
ILLU/RATE A V>IETY ( DYNAMICS Z WELL
Z L9ES ( 3T9U,N4

  ,EXAMPLE #AJ-AG4
            7A7 #D<#D4
      >C"[[ W>3'*"EFGFIJ N>C.??
    *.:>3'%"GH>CRESC'"IH.DE
    >C'*.P>F.]>D'<.F'>DIM'<.Z
    .:?:D') W[\I'( >PIU>P"\"
    \\I'(<K

           #AJ-AC--#AJ-AG        #HC
         7B7 #D4
  >RIT' E DIM''> .?JI\$
  "Q>PERDENDOSI--":'J>'
  >PP>D":N>-V<K

  #AJ-AH4 ,DYNAMICS & ^WS ( EXPRES.N
>E G5],Y PLAC$ 9 ! "R H& "P (
KEYBO>D MUSIC UN.S !Y SPECIFIC,Y
APPLY 6! LEFT H&4
  #AJ-AI4 ,:5 DYNAMICS O3UR DUR+ !
C\RSE ( SU/A9$ NOTES1 AN IN-A3ORD IS
US$ 9 BRL 6REFLECT ! *ANGES
A3URATELY4

  ,EXAMPLE #AJ-AI4
  #D4 >P>C_Y<>"U>F"U<K

  #AJ-BJ4 ,REP1TS MAY 2 US$ ) NU.ES
IF ! *ANGE ( NU.E IS CLE>LY 9DICAT$4

  ,EXAMPLE #AJ-BJ4
  #D4 >F"YEFG(IJD>P'7<K

  ,SIGNIFIES3
  #D4 >F"YEFG(IJD>P"YEFG(IJD<K



          ,,XI4 ,,ORNA;TS
             7,TA# #AA7

  ,TA# #AA4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=6= ,TRILL ,7,IT4 TRILLO2 ,F4 CAD;E1
  TREM#;T2 ,G4 ,TRILL]2 ,SP4 TRINO7
="5= ,APPO7IATURA ,7,IT47' ,7,F4
  PORT DE VOIX2 ,G4 ,VORS*LAG2 ,SP4
  APOYADURA7'
=5= ,%ORT APPO7IATURA 7=M]LY3 GRACE
  NOTE7
=4= ,TURN ,7,IT4 FIORITURA2 ,F4
  D\BL@E1 CAD;E1 D\# CAD;E12 ,G4
  ,DOPPELS*LAG2 ,SP4 GRUPITO7' 2T
  NOTES
=,4= ,TURN ABV OR 2L A NOTE
=4L= ,9V]T$ TURN 2T NOTES
=,4L= ,9V]T$ TURN ABV OR 2L A NOTE
=,= ,2F AN A3ID5TAL1 9FLECT$ L[]
  NOTE ( ORNA;T ,E4,I4 ,%4 ,*4
="6= ,%ORT TRILL2 ,7%ORT %AKE2
  PRALLTRILL]2 9V]T$1 I4E41 UPP]1
  MORD5T7'
=;6= ,EXT5D$ %ORT TRILL1 %AKE OR
  PRALLTRILL]
="6L= ,MORD5T ,7,IT4 MORD5TE2 ,F4
            #AJ-AH--,,XI         #HE
  MORDANT 7P9C@E1 P9CE;T72 ,SP4
  MORDI5TE7'
=;6L= ,EXT5D$ MORD5T
=>K= ,>PE7IO UP
=">K= ,UPW>D >PE7IO "? TWO OR M
  /AVES
=>KK= ,>PE7IO D[N
=">KK= ,D[NW>D >PE7IO "? TWO OR M
  /AVES
=@8888= ,2BUNG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #AA-A4 ,ORNA;TS >E PLAC$ 2F !
NOTES OR 9T]VALS 6: !Y APPLY4 ,NO
SPECIAL OCTAVE M>K IS REQUIR$ = S*
NOTES4
  #AA-B4 ,9 ,TA# #AA1 ORNA;T "NS >E
GIV5 9 S"EAL LANGUAGES 6AID
RECOGNI;N4 ,! BRL SIGNS REF] 6!
PR9T SYMBOLS T APPE> 9 ! PR9T EDI;N
( ? MANUAL4 ,P]=M]S %D 2 AW>E (
MULTIPLE POSSIBILITIES1 &
TRANSCRIB]S %D 9CLUDE ALL 9=M,N
REG>D+ M1N+ &/OR P]=M.E T MAY 2
9CLUD$ 9 PR9T4 ,DUR+ ! ,B>OQUE P]IOD
&! YE>S S9CE T "T1 DI6]5T -POS]S H
GIV5 DI6]5T "NS 6! SAME ORNA;TS1
DI6]5T ORNA;TS H BE5 GIV5 ! SAME
"NS1 & "! IS LL AGREE;T 3C]N+
SPECIFIC P]=M.E DETAILS4 ,= EXAMPLE1
! 8,NEW ,GROVE0 99 %[S ! PR9T SYMBOL
=A TRILL 7DOTS #B-C-E7 )! FOLL[+
DEF9I;NS1 EA* FOLL[$ 0XS 8,GUIDE
6,USE OR ,S\RCE04
  87A7 ,TRILL2 ,UBIQUIT\S ,FR4 &
,G]4 F #AG? C5TURY3 ! CORRECT
USAGE
  7B7 ,D\# MORD5T2 ,L\LI@E
  7C7 ,APPO7IATURA-PREP>$ L[]
MORD5T2 ,LOCKE1 ,PURCELL
  7D7 ,PREP>$ TRILL2 ,L',A6IL>D
  7E7 ,ASC5D+ TRILL2 ,GOTTLIEB
,MU6AT
  7F7 ,VIBRATO2 ,MACE
  7G7 ,TREMOLO2 ,L',A6IL>D0
       99 ..,! ,NEW ,GROVE ,DIC;N>Y
    ( ,MUSIC & .,MUSICIANS
    7,LONDON3 ,MAC,MILLAN ,PRESS
    ,LIMIT$1 #AIHJ71 ,VOL4 #AC1
    P4 #HFC4
,EA* (! FOLL[+ EXAMPLES 9 ,*APT]
,,XI ILLU/RATES ! F/1 7A71 LI/+ 0!
8,NEW ,GROVE04
  #AA-C4 ,=! SIGN =6=1 MO/
P]=M]S W USE ! UBIQUIT\S M1N+1
TRILL1 B P]=M.ES W V>Y AC 6! TEMPO1
            #AA-A--#AA-C         #HG
! /YLE (! MUSIC1 & O!R FACTORS4 ,!
PR9T SYMBOL DOES N 9DICATE :E!R !
TRILL IS PREP>$ OR :E!R X 5DS )A
TURN2 P]=M]S MAY 9CLUDE ^?
F1TURES IF APPROPRIATE4
  #AA-D4 ,IF TWO NOTES (A *ORD >E
6BE TRILL$1 BO? NOTES M/ 2 S M>K$4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-D4
      #B4 6.P6+<K

  #AA-E4 ,:5 ONLY "O TRILL SIGN
APPE>S1 FOLL[$ 0A WAVY L9E1 ACR
S"EAL NOTES1 A L9E ( 3T9U,N
7,TA# #AJ7 MAY 2 US$ Z 9 ,EXAMPLE
#AA-E4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-E4
             #B4
  6''.N@C >D'7@C 7@C >PP'7>'
  @C.N<L<K

  #AA-F4 ,! MO/ -MON PR9T SYMBOL =
APPO7IATURA 9 MOD]N EDI;NS IS A NOTE
PR9T$ 9 V SMALL TYPE4 ,:5 ? SMALL
NOTE HAS AN OBLIQUE /ROKE "? XS /EM1
A V QK1 %ORT APPO7IATURA IS 9DICAT$4
,TWO OR M APPO7IATURAS 2F A NORMAL
NOTE M/ AL 2 EXECUT$ QKLY4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-F4
  #D4 5")C5YC5ZCN5GC$V<K

  #AA-G4 ,:5 AN APPO7IATURA DOES N H
! /ROKE OR IS N "P (A GR\P1 ! NORMAL
SIGN = APPO7IATURA %D 2 US$4 ,! L5G?
(! ORNA;T W DEP5D ^U ! /YLE (!
MUSIC4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-G4
          %%#D4
  .S"5H;C]"5F;C: \'F?V<K

  #AA-H4 ,IF POSSI#1 APPO7IATURAS >E
WRITT5 ON ! SAME L9E Z ! NOTES : !Y
EMBELLI%4 ,! SIGN =A %ORT
APPO7IATURA MAY 2 D\#D4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-H4
          #D%#C4
  ;B"T'55%Y)%!5)^2 .FC*E"
    .EC%DDCJ<K

  #AA-I4 ,9 EA* (! NEXT EXAMPLES1 AN
ORNA;T IS FOLL[$ 0! R1LIZ,N OR E6ECT
            #AA-D--#AA-I         #HI
( T ORNA;T SIGN4 ,EXACT RHY?MIC
DETAILS MAY V>Y AC 6! MUSICAL /YLE4
,^! EXAMPLES >E PROVID$ 0,ASSOCI,N
,VAL5T9 ,HA@UY P\R LE ,BI5 DES
,AVEUGLES1 ,P>IS4 ,EXAMPLE #AA-I %[S
A TURN 2T TWO NOTES 9 PR9T4 ,9 BRL !
TURN SIGN PREC$ES ! F/ (! TWO NOTES4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-I4
  #C4 4.N$<K' .?'ONTN$<K

  #AA-AJ4  ,9 ,EXAMPLE #AA-AJ1 ! DOT
#F PREC$+ ! TURN SIGN 9DICATES T !
TURN SIGN APPE>S DIRECTLY ABV A
NOTE 9 PR9T4 ,9 BRL1 ! SIGN PREC$ES
T NOTE4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-AJ4
  #B4 ,4.?$<K' .ZDJD$<K

  #AA-AA4 ,:5 DOTS #A-B-C FOLL[ !
TURN SIGN1 AN 9V]T$  TURN1 =4L=1 IS
9DICAT$4 ,EXAMPLE #AA-AA 7A7 %[S !
SIGN 2T TWO NOTES 9 PR9T1 & 7B7 %[S
X DIRECTLY ABV A NOTE4



  ,EXAMPLE #AA-AA4
    7A7
  #C4 4L.N$<K' .?'TNON$<K

    7B7
  #B4 ,4L.?$<K' ")DED$<K

  #AA-AB4 ,A3ID5TALS PR9T$ ABV OR 2L
AN ORNA;T SYMBOL PREC$E T SIGN 9
BRL4 ,IF ! A3ID5TAL APPE>S 2L !
SYMBOL 9 PR9T1 X IS PREC$$ 0DOT #F 9
BRL4 ,EXAMPLE #AA-AB 7A7 %[S A %>P =
! L[] NOTE (! TURN1 & 7B7 9DICATES
A3ID5TALS = BO? (! AUXILI>Y NOTES4
,? ME?OD ( M>K+ A3ID5TALS APPLIES
6ANY TYPE ( ORNA;T4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-AB4
           7A7 #D4
  ,%4"R.?V<K' "\'SR%QR.?V<K

           7B7 #D4
  <,%4"R.?V<K' "\'<SR%QR.?V<K

  #AA-AC4 ,TRILLS >E USU,Y
9DICAT$ 9 PR9T ) LRS S* Z 8TR0 OR A
WAVY L9E ) ;V-%AP$ PO9TS4 ,A V %ORT
           #AA-AJ--#AA-AC        #IA
WAVY L9E ) ONLY TWO OR ?REE ;V'S 0
CALL$ AN UPP] MORD5T 9 "S E>LI] BRL
MANUALS4 ,T "N IS N[ CALL$ 8A
MISAPPROPRI,N04 99 ,! UBIQUIT\S "N
=! ORNA;T IS .TRILL4 ,? IS N A
3T9U\S TRILL Z ) DOTS #B-C-E4 ,X
USES ! UPP] AUXILI>Y NOTE ONCE OR
TWICE & IS EXECUT$ QKLY4
      99 ,IBID4 #AC3#HFD4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-AC4
  #B4 "6.?V<K' .NOD'V<K

  #AA-AD4 ,! SIGN =;6= 9DICATES AN
EXT5D$ %ORT TRILL OR %ORT %AKE4 ,Z )
ALL ORNA;TS1 ! EXACT SPE$ & RHY?MIC
-B9,N V>IES )! P]=M]'S 9T]PRET,N AF
3SID]+ ! -POS] &! P]IOD (! -POSI;N4
  #AA-AE4 ,! PR9T SYMBOL =A MORD5T
IS ! SAME Z ! PR9T SYMBOL =A %ORT
TRILL )! A4I;N (A %ORT V]TICAL OR
DIAGONAL L9E "? X4 ,9 ! EXECU;N (A
MORD5T1 Z 9 7A71 ! L[] AUXILI>Y
NOTE IS PLAY$ ONCE OR TWICE4 ,= AN
EXT5D$ MORD5T1 Z 9 7B71 ! L[]
AUXILI>Y IS PLAY$ A FEW M "TS4


  ,EXAMPLE #AA-AE4
    7A7
  #B4 "6L.?V<K' .NTD'V<K

    7B7
  #B4 ;6L.?V<K' .NTNTDV<K

  #AA-AF4 ,:5 F+]+ APPE>S ) AN
ORNA;T1 ! ORNA;T SIGN IS PLAC$ 2F !
NOTE OR 9T]VAL &! F+]+ FOLL[S IMMLY
AF X4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-AF4
           #D4
  .>'6"RL1L+@C5%=5(.?0V
  ,%,4W1LB+:*0"\+V<K

  #AA-AG4 ,9T]VAL D\BL+ MAY 2 US$ )
ORNA;TS PROVID+ ! D\BL+ 3T9UES "? !
ORNA;T4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-AG4
  #B4 .>.Y++EDE5Y5ZFZY+<K

  #AA-AH4 ,! D\BL+ M/ 2 /OPP$ =!
%ORT APPO7IATURA 9 ,EXAMPLE #AA-AH4

           #AA-AD--#AA-AH        #IC
  ,EXAMPLE #AA-AH4
           %#C8
  .>.Z++).FE+ 5EY++)DE+<K

  #AA-AI4 ,"S PR9T SYMBOLS 9DICATE A
-B9,N ( ORNA;TS S* Z A TRILL SIGN )A
CIRCUL> TWI/ AT ! 5D 69DICATE A
TURN OR AN 9V]T$ TURN4 ,9 ? CASE A
-B9,N ( BRL SIGNS MAY 2 US$4 ,A
TRILL SIGN FOLL[$ 0! APPROPRIATE
TURN C 3VEY APPROPRIATE 9=M,N 6! BRL
R1D]4
  #AA-BJ4 ,! >PE7IO UP SIGN1 =>K=1
IS PLAC$ 2F A *ORD 9 "O "P4 ,:5 AN
IN-A3ORD IS NEC1 ! SIGN APPE>S 2F
ALL NOTES OR *ORDS T >E "P (!
>PE7IAT$ *ORD4 ,:5 ! >PE7IO EXT5DS
"? M ?AN "O "P1 ! SIGN =">K= IS US$
2F NOTES OR *ORDS 9 ALL "PS A6ECT$4
,AL SEE ,EXAMPLES #AG-CF & #AG-CG4

  ,EXAMPLE #AA-BJ4
            <<#B4
  .>">K.?/9?+9<>">K"D*E<$<K
  _>">K^]93]93<>">K_]GH<K

  #AA-BA4 ,! NUMB] ( DOTS 7/A3ATOS7
9 ! BRL 2BUNG %D EQUAL ! NUMB] (
PR9T$ DOTS 9 T ORNA;T4


























           #AA-AI--#AA-BA        #IE
           ,,XII4 ,,!ORY
             7,TA# #AB7

  #AB-A4 ,! 9T]N,NAL DECI.N 6FOLL[
PR9T1 PUTT+ TEXT MAT]IAL 96BRL TEXT
R ?AN BRL SIGNS1 HAS 5A#D G5]AL
AGREE;T ON !ORY NOT,N4 ,? AGREE;T
IS "PICUL>LY HELP;L :5 BL & SI<T$
MUSICIANS >E /UDY+ OR "W+ TGR4

         ,A4 ,*ORD ,SYMBOLS
  #AB-B4 ,_M TYPES ( MUSIC PUBLIC,NS
F HYMNS 6G5]AL S;G BOOKS 6FAKE BOOKS
7^WS ONLY7 & O!R POPUL> MUSIC N[
9CLUDE *ORD SYMBOLS Z A R\T9E
PRACTICE4 ,"S ( ^! >E V SIMPLE
9DIC,NS S* Z 8;,G0 OR 8,D#G0 & O!RS
>E V -PLEX4 ,MO/ C 2 WRITT5 9 LIT]>Y
BRL )! A4I;N ( MUSIC SIGNS = PIT*
ALT],N &! FOLL[+ SIGNS F ,TA# #AB
;,A T H 9T]N,NAL APPROVAL4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-B4
=3>= ,PREFIX =A *ORD SYMBOL "P
=4=  ,SMALL CIRCLE
=4'= ,SMALL CIRCLE BISECT$ 0L9E
=0= ,SMALL TRIANGLE
=0'= ,SMALL TRIANGLE BISECT$ 0L9E
=.#G= ,ITALICIZ$ #G =A SPECIALIZ$
  SEV5? *ORD

  #AB-C4 ,! SIGNS = PLUS1 M9US1
P>5!SES1 OBLIQUE /ROKE1 CAPITAL &
L[]-CASE LRS1 & ITALICS >E "P (!
LIT]>Y CODE ( EA* C.TRY & %D 2 LI/$
9 EA* PUBLIC,N4 ,^? US$ 9 ? PUBLIC,N
>E %[N 2L3

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-C4
=/= ,OBLIQUE /ROKE
=7 7= ,P>5!SES
=+= ,PLUS SIGN
=-= ,M9US SIGN OR LIT]>Y HYPH5
=;= ,L[]-CASE LR
=,= ,CAPITAL LR

  #AB-D4 ,! /&>D MUSIC SIGNS >E US$
= A3ID5TALS2 DOT #C IS US$ = P]IODS4
  #AB-E4 ,NUMB]S >E PREC$$ 0! NUM]AL
SIGN & WRITT5 9 NORMAL1 UPP]-CELL
POSI;N4 ,IF PR9T$ V]TIC,Y1 ! NUM]ALS
>E BRLD F L[E/ 6HI<E/4
  #AB-F4 ,! FOLL[+ IS A
REPRES5TATIVE LI/ ( POSSI# *ORD
SYMBOLS US+ ! 9T]N,NAL LIT]>Y SIGNS4
            ,,XII--#AB-F         #IG
  ,EXAMPLE #AB-F4
  7,SIGNS >E ID5TICAL 9 PR9T & BRL7
  ,DM
  ,DMAJ#G
  ,F%DIM#G
  ,F%4#G
  ,C#GSUS
  ,DM7%#G7
  ,B#G-#I
  ,GMAJ#G+#I
  ,C0#G
  ,C0'#G
  ,G#F/,D

  #AB-G4 ,9 B>-OV]-B> =MATS1 *ORD
SYMBOLS >E ALIGN$ 2N ! TEXT L9ES OR
2N ! MUSIC4 ,NO PREFIX IS US$2 !
PLACE;T IS 5 6ID5TIFY ^! Z *ORD
SYMBOLS4 ,EXAMPLE #AB-G %[S POPUL>
OR FOLK MUSIC :5 S;G TEXT IS GIV5
ONLY ) *ORD SYMBOLS 9 A 8L1D %EET0
= USE ) GUIT>1 O!R PLUCK$ 9/RU;TS OR
IMPROVIS$ ON A KEYBO>D4 ,9 PR9T1 !
*ORD SYMBOLS >E ALIGN$ ABV ! TEXT2 9
BRL !Y >E ALIGN$ 2L4



  ,EXAMPLE #AB-G4
  ,HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU1
         ,F          ,C#G
  HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU4
                    ,F

  #AB-H4 ,:5 A MELODY IS AL PROVID$1
X IS A4$ Z A ?IRD L9E 6! P>ALLEL4
,"S C.TRIES ALW PLACE ! TEXT ABV !
MELODY2 O!RS PLACE X 2L4 ,:5 *ORD
SYMBOLS >E ALIGN$ ) TEXT1 ! TEXT IS
SPAC$1 IF NEC1 6A3OMMODATE ! *ORD
ALIGN;T4 ,EXAMPLE #AB-H 7A7 HAS !
TEXT ABV & 7B7 HAS ! TEXT 2L !
MELODY4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! *ORD SYMBOLS
>E ALIGN$ )! TEXT4 ,9 7A71 DOTS #C-F
>E A4$ Z A FILL] = SPACES 9 ! TEXT1
B !Y >E N FILL$ 9 7B74 ,NEI V].N
FILLS SPACES 2T *ORD SYMBOLS4 ,AT
L1/ "O SPACE M/ 2 LEFT 2T EA* *ORD
SYMBOL4






            #AB-G--#AB-H         #II
  ,EXAMPLE #AB-H4
        7A7 <#C4
  ,HOW CAN --- ,I   EVER
  ,F   ,FMAJ#G ,F#G ,B<
    "??? :]"
  FORGET YOU1
     ,F
    "W S' Q'<K

           7B7 <#C4
  "??? :]"
  ;2 ,HOW CAN     ,I   EVER
     ,F   ,FMAJYG ,F#G ,B<
  "W S' Q'<K
  ;2 FORGET YOU"
        ,F

  #AB-I4 ,:5 *ORD SYMBOLS >E ALIGN$
)! TEXT1 X IS AL POSSI# 69DICATE
*ORDS T PREC$E OR FOLL[ A ^W4 ,? IS
D"O 0PLAC+ ! *ORD SYMBOL AT L1/ #B
CELLS 6! LEFT (A ^W OR "O CELL 6!
"R4 ,PUNCTU,N IS IGNOR$ :5 C.T+
SPACES AF A ^W4




  ,EXAMPLE #AB-I4
  ,ALL THROUGH THE NIGHT4    ,WHEN
  ,G#G             ,C   ,B#G ,EM
    "T?: Y U"\<K

  #AB-AJ4 ,:5 *ORD SYMBOLS >E PLAC$
2L ! MELODY1 !Y MAY 2 ALIGN$ )
SPECIFIC NOTES OR )! 2G9N+S (!
APPROPRIATE M1SURES4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE
#AB-AJ ! *ORD SYMBOLS >E ALIGN$ AT !
2G9N+ ( EA* M1SURE1 &A SPACE IS LEFT
2T EA* *ORD SYMBOL4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-AJ4
  ,ALL ALONE1 ,I'M ALL ALONE2
    .D:J@CWW IWH@C\V<K
    ,D#G ,G  ,B#G ,EM

  #AB-AA4 ,IF *ORD SYMBOLS >E 9CLUD$
)! PIANO A3OMPANI;T1 !Y >E PLAC$ 2L
! LEFT H& "P & >E USU,Y ALIGN$ )
2G9N+S ( M1SURES4 ,! 8TRACK]0 DOTS
7DOT #C7 2L >E "P (! B>-OV]-B> =MATS
ONLY4



           #AB-I--#AB-AA        #AJA
  ,EXAMPLE #AB-AA4
               %_C
  .>_J'Y%D'ZF'*YG'0Z "R0U<K
  _>^H'!%I')?: ''''' ^\E@H@C\V<K
    ,G ,C ,D#G       ,G

  #AB-AB4 ,! *ORD SYMBOL PREFIX IS
US$ 9 SEC;N-BY-SEC;N =MATS4
,EXAMPLE #AB-AB IS ! SAME MUSIC Z
#AB-AA4 ,9 7A71 ! LIT]>Y SYMBOLS >E
PLAC$ 9 ! *ORD SYMBOL "P AF ! PREFIX
=3>=4 ,"! >E NO SPACES 2T *ORDS2 A
SPACE IS A B> L9E4 ,/EM SIGNS MAY
FOLL[ *ORD SYMBOLS 6%[ VALUE1 :5 !
*ORDS D N H ! SAME "T VALUE4 ,SIGNS
= REP1TS1 PRIMA & SECONDA VOLTA1
ETC4 MAY 2 US$ Z USUAL4 ,RE/S
7PREC$$ 0DOT #E7 C 2 US$ 6%[ M1SURES
OR 2G9N+S ( M1SURES ) NO *ORD
SYMBOLS4 ,9 7B71 ! BASS L9E IS
REP1T$ AF EA* *ORD SYMBOL 9 ORD] 6%[
EXACT LOC,N4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-AB4
           7A7 %_C
  .>_J'Y%D'ZF'*YG'0Z R0U<K
  _>^H'!%I')?: ^\E@H@C\V<K
  3>,G_K,C,D#G ,G<K
           7B7 %_C
  .>_J'Y%D'ZF'*YG'0Z R0U<K
  _>^H'!%I')?: ^\E@H@C\V<K
  3>'>,G^H'!%I')>,C_?"
    >,D#G_: >,G^\E@H@C\V<K

  #AB-AC4 ,O!R LOCAL OR N,NAL ME?ODS
MAY 2 US$ 69DICATE NOTE VALUE ) *ORD
SYMBOLS4
  #AB-AD4 ,"S PR9T SYMBOLS1 S* Z !
SMALL CIRCLE 7DIM9I%$7 & SMALL
CIRCLE )A L9E "? X 7HALF-DIM9I%$71 H
/&>D M1N+S4 ,O!RS H DI6]5T M1N+S 9
DI6]5T PUBLIC,NS3 I4E41 ! SMALL
TRIANGLE &! ITALICIZ$ #G H BE5 US$
69DICATE MAJOR SEV5?S & AL DIM9I%$
SEV5?S AC 6DI6]5T -POS]S4 ,ALL
EXPLANATORY MAT]IAL W1 ( C\RSE1 2
9CLUD$ 9 ! TRANSCRIP;N4 ,9 ,EXAMPLES
7A7 & 7B7 2L1 ! SYMBOLS >E US$
69DICATE MAJOR SEV5? *ORDS4 ,9 BO?
CASES1 ! M1N+ (! *ORD SYMBOL 0
EXPLA9$ AT ! 2G9N+ (! PR9T PUBLIC,N4
,! PREFIX F ,TA# #AE =! "R H& "P :5
9T]VALS R1D UP IS US$ 9 ^! EXAMPLES4
,9 #AB-AD 7B71 ! 8NOTES0 >E M]ELY AN
9DIC,N ( RHY?M =A JAZZ GUIT>I/4
           #AB-AB--#AB-AD       #AJC
  ,EXAMPLE #AB-AD4 7,9T]VALS R1D UP7
     7A7 .C
  .>>_[+0 <[/0    R+90<K
  _>_:    ^\      _N<K
   ,D-#G  ,G#G<#I ,C0

     7B7 #AB8
  "JJJJJJ" W'V'<K
  ,GM ,C#G ,F.#G

        ,B4 ,FIGUR$ ,BASS &
         ,H>MONIC ,ANALYSIS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #AB ,B4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=;>= ,PREFIX = FIGUR$ BASS
=#6 #35= ,NUMB]S
=#%K #<K= ,ISOLAT$ A3ID5TALS
=#'= ,OMITT$ FIGURE 9 A /R+ (
  FIGURES
=#A= ,A L9E ( 3T9U,N
=#AA= ,TWO L9ES ( 3T9U,N
=#;6= ,FIGURE 7ANY NUMB]7 T IS
  CROSS$ 9 PR9T
=#/= ,OBLIQUE /ROKE
=-= ,SEP>,N ( SIGNS
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

         #A4 ,FIGUR$ ,BASS
  #AB-AE4 ,FIGUR$ BASS 3SI/S (
NUMB]S1 A3ID5TALS & O!R 8FIGURES0
PR9T$ 2N SPECIFIC NOTES 9 V]TICAL
COLUMNS4 ,9 BRL1 ! FIGURES FOLL[ !
SPECIFIC NOTES4 ,A NUMB] SIGN M/
9DICATE ! 2G9N+ ( E COLUMN (
FIGURES1 EV5 IF ! 8FIGURE0 IS AN
A3ID5TAL1 AN OBLIQUE /ROKE1 OR O!R
F1TURE4
  #AB-AF4 ,NUMB]S >E WRITT5 9 ! L[]
"P (! CELL4
  #AB-AG4 ,! L[E/ FIGURE (A COLUMN1
9 T]MS ( PLACE;T 9 PR9T R ?AN
NUM]ICAL SEQU;E1 IS PLAC$ F/ AF A
NOTE & IS FOLL[$ 0! SU3E$+ FIGURES
R1D+ UPW>DS4
  #AB-AH4 ,A3ID5TALS PREC$E FIGURES
6: !Y APPLY4
  #AB-AI4 ,AN ISOLAT$ A3ID5TAL
79DICAT+ 9FLECT$ ?IRD7 IS FOLL[$
0DOTS #A-C EXCEPT AT ! 5D (A B>4
  #AB-BJ4 ,A FIGURE T IS 8CROSS$0
79DICAT+ T X IS RAIS$7 IS PREC$$
0DOTS #E-F4
  #AB-BA4 ,9 A /R+ ( FIGURES1 AN
OMITT$ FIGURE IS REPRES5T$ 0DOT #C4
           #AB-AE--#AB-BA       #AJE
  #AB-BB4 ,:5 M ?AN "O COLUMN (
FIGURES APPE>S "U A S+LE BASS NOTE1
EA* COLUMN 2G9S )A NUMB] SIGN 9 BRL4
,EXAMPLE #AB-BB ILLU/RATES ! F1TURES
LI/$ 9 P>AGRAPHS #AB-AE "? #AB-BA4
,V].N 7A7 IS 9 SEC;N =MAT2 V].N 7B7
IS B>-OV]-B>4 ,"S C.TRIES :O USE
SEC;N =MAT WRITE ! LEFT H& NOTES )!
FIGUR$ BASS Z 9 "P 7B7 ( ? EXAMPLE1
R ?AN WRIT+ A SEP>ATE LEFT-H& "P Z 9
7A74

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-BB4
          7A7 <<.C
  #18-19 .>'*"WECJN<><"[\\[<>
"]]$'E .?C*WN<>"R#R+<K
  _>_ECD*JCH_?] HCGCH^H_N<K
  ;>_E#<5;6D*J#56H_?]#<K57#''6
H#45GH#*K^H_N<K

          7B7 <<.C
AH .>'*"WECJN<><"[\\[<>"]]$'E
   ;>_EC#<5;6D*JC#56H_?"
     _]#<K57#''6
AI .>.?C*WN<>"R#R+<K
   ;>_HC#45GCH#*K^H_N<K

  #AB-BC4 ,DOT #A REPRES5TS A PR9T
L9E ( 3T9U,N4 ,! NUMB] ( DOT #A'S
EQUALS ! NUMB] ( 3T9U,N L9ES4 ,9
,EXAMPLE #AB-BC1 ": "! >E TWO
NUMB]S 9 A COLUMN1 BO? NUMB]S >E
FOLL[$ 0A PR9T L9E ( 3T9U,N 9 !
NEXT COLUMN4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-BC4
              %#B2
  _$$?#6?#A W#46W#AA[#56[#AA<K

  #AB-BD4 ,IF X IS NEC 69DICATE !
RHY?M (A *ANGE ( FIGURES ON "O NOTE1
! FIGURES %D 2 FOLL[$ 0A /EM SIGN
%[+ ! VALUE (! *ORD REPRES5T$ 0EA*
COLUMN ( FIGURES4 ,? %D ONLY 2 US$
": ESS5TIAL & ": ! PR9T IS Q CLE> Z
6! 9T5D$ RHY?M4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-BD4
        #D4
  .>'%"G(!R]<K
  ;>_Z#%K#4_K#%K<K

  #AB-BE4 ,": NOTES ) FIGURES >E
FOLL[$ 0O!R MUSICAL SIGNS 7I4E41
/A3ATO7 ! SIGN #C-F SEP>ATES !
           #AB-BB-#AB-BE        #AJG
FIGUR$ BASS SIGNS F ! MUSIC SIGNS4
,AT ! 2G9N+ (A M1SURE1 Z 9 ,EXAMPLE
#AB-BE1 ! SEP>,N SIGN IS N NEC4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-BE4
  8^H#4-8H#3<K

  #AB-BF4 ,IF O!R NOTES APPE> ON !
/AFF )! BASS L9E & FIGURES1 ^! NOTES
>E USU,Y WRITT5 SEP>ATELY1 AF AN IN-
A3ORD SIGN4 ,IF SMALL NOTES >E US$ 9
PR9T1 !Y %D 2 WRITT5 US+ ! SMALL-
NOTE SIGN 9 BRL 7,TA# #A74

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-BF4
  ;>'%_H#6F:#%46<>_J#%(!W<K

  #AB-BG4 ,AN OBLIQUE /ROKE IS
REPRES5T$ 0DOTS #C-D1 PREC$$ 0!
NUMB] SIGN4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-BG4
  ;>_$#36]#/\#/<K

       #B4 ,H>MONIC ,ANALYSIS
  #AB-BH4 ,:5 MUSIC IS 2+ US$ =
H>MONIC ANALYSIS1 X IS -MON =!
9T]VALS ( ALL "PS 6BE WRITT5 UPW>D4
,A /ATE;T AB ! DIREC;N ( 9T]VALS %D
APPE> 9 ! TRANSCRIP;N4 ,IF KEYBO>D
H& SIGNS >E 2+ US$1 ! SIGN =! "R H&
"P %D 9DICATE T 9T]VALS R1D UP1
=.>>=1 7,TA# #AE74
  #AB-BI4 ,H>MONIC ANALYSIS USES
ROMAN NUM]ALS & LRS 9 A4I;N 6!
FIGURES ( FIGUR$ BASS4
  #AB-CJ4 ,FIGURES >E WRITT5 Z 9 !
PREC$+ SEC;N ( ? *APT]4
  #AB-CA4 ,ROMAN NUM]ALS & LRS FOLL[
PR9T1 US+ ! CAPITAL OR LR SIGNS AC
6! NORMAL LIT]>Y USAGE 9 EA* N,N4
,AM]ICAN CAPITAL & LR SIGNS >E US$ 9
? EDI;N4
  #AB-CB4 ,EA* *ORD IS SEP>AT$ 0A
SPACE4
  #AB-CC4 ,IF ! SYMBOLS NE$ 6BE
ALIGN$ ) MUSIC1 !Y >E WRITT5 ON A
L9E 2L ! NOTES &! MUSIC IS SPAC$ S T
! />T ( EA* NOTE-GR\P CO9CIDES )! F/
SIGN (! *ORD SYMBOL4 ,9 ? SITU,N !
SIGN =L= IS US$ 6REPRES5T A B>-L9E4




           #AB-BF--#AB-CC       #AJI
  ,EXAMPLE #AB-CC4
  7,9T]VALS R1D UP47
           #D<#C4
  .>>":+ :+  ?*+ L  N'#<K
  _>'_:9 W-  ?3  L  ^Q'_+<K
     ,VI ,IV ,V#7%K ,I

  #AB-CD4 ,EXAMPLE #AB-CD IS H>MONIC
ANALYSIS F A !ORY TEXTBOOK4 ,V].N
7A7 IS 9 B>-OV]-B> =MAT ) EA* B1T
ALIGN$2 V].N 7B7 IS 9 A SEC;N4 ,B>
L9ES WD 2 PLAC$ 2T M1SURES4 ,9 BO?
CASES1 ! LR+ & CAPITALIZ,N IS
TRANSCRIB$ Z X APPE>S 9 PR9T4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-CD4
  7,9T]VALS R1D UP47
         7A7 <<<#C2
  .>>"S<# *S+ '''''' R*+<K
  _>'_Q-  %Q3 '''''' R9<K
 ;C3 ,N#6 ;VII4#7/,V ,V

         7B7 <<<#C2
  .>>"S<#*S+R*+<K
  _>_Q-%Q3R9<K
  ;> ;C3 ,N#6 ;VII4#7/,V ,V

  #AB-CE4 ,) ? 9T]N,NAL SY/EM1
UNUSUAL LR+ & NUMB]+ C 2 A3OMMODAT$4
,AG1 ! EXACT LR+ & CAPITALIZ,N (!
PR9T IS REPRODUC$4 ,V].N 7A7 IS B>-
OV]-B>2 V].N 7B7 IS 9 A SEC;N4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-CE4
  7,9T]VALS R1D UP47
       7A7 #D%.C
  .>>"$PED<>"WID"Q@C L
  _>'_N   %S ''''''' L
     ,S#6 ,D#56
  .>>"OT<>"Q'$@C<K
  _>'^)@C<>V_WR<K
     ,DP      ,TP#46

           7B7 #D%.C
    .>>"$PED<>"WID"Q@C L
  "OT<>"Q'$@C<K
    _>_N%S L ^)@C<>V_WR<K
    ;>,S#6  ,D#56 L ,DP ,TP#46

  #AB-CF ,:5 LRS REPRES5T PASS+
NOTES1 NON-*ORD OR AUXILI>Y NOTES1
SUSP5.NS1 ETC4 7US+ ;X1 ;N1 ;A1 ;S
ETC4 9 PR9T71 EI ! LR1 ) ^W SIGNS1
%D PREC$E ! NOTES 6: !Y REF] OR !Y
%D 2 PLAC$1 ) LR SIGNS 7R ?AN ^W
           #AB-CD--#AB-CF       #AAA
SIGNS71 ON ! SAME L9E Z ! *ORD
SYMBOLS1 DIRECTLY 2L ! NOTES 6: !Y
APPLY4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #AB-CF1 UPP] CASE
ROMAN NUM]ALS REPRES5T MAJOR *ORDS1
L[] CASE REPRES5T M9OR *ORDS1 & ,I;C
IS AN EXAMPLE (! ,I *ORD ) LR+ T
REPRES5TS #BND 9V].N4 ,9 7A71 !
SYMBOLS ABV ! /AFF 9 PR9T PREC$E
! NOTES 6: !Y APPLY & ^? 2L ! /AFF
>E ALIGN$ 2L ! NOTES 6: !Y APPLY2
9 7B71 ALL ! SIGNS >E ALIGN$ 2L4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-CF
              7A7 %#D4
  ;>"\ L \   ]    F>X"GH>X"I L
    ,I   ;VI ;III ,IV  ;VI
  ;>"J>A.D[    \<L<K
    ,I;C  ,V#7 ,I

              7B7 %#D4
  ;>"\ L \   ]    F   G  H   I L
    ,I   ;VI ;III ,IV ;X ;VI ;X
  ;>"J   D  [    \<L<K
    ,I;C ;A ,V#7 ,I

  #AB-CG4 ,*ORDS >E NORM,Y ALIGN$
V]TIC,Y UN.S "! C 2 NO 3FU.N1 I4E41
IF ! PR9T HAS EXPLA9$ _! POSI;N4 ,9
,EXAMPLE #AB-CG ! *ORDS >E N ALIGN$4
,! PR9T IS ! SAME Z 9 ,EXAMPLES
#AB-CF 7A7 & 7B74

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-CG4
          %#D4
  ;>"\ \]F>X"GH>X"I
    ,I ;VI ;III ,IV ;VI
  ;>"J>A.D[\<L<K
    ,I;C ,V#7 ,I

  #AB-CH4 ,:5 FIGUR$ BASS & ROMAN
NUM]ALS BO? APPE> 9 ! BASS1 !
ROMAN NUM]ALS C 2 PLAC$ "UN1?4
,:5 SPAC+ IS NE$$ 9 ORD] 6L1VE AT
L1/ "O SPACE 2T EA* *ORD1 ! B> L9E
SIGN IS US$4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-CH4
         %%#D4
  ;>_Q#6 R#56 L P#346"
    ,I#6 ,II#56 ,V#34
  ;>'%_O#356<K
    ,V#56 OF ,II



           #AB-CG--#AB-CH       #AAC
           ,C4 ,BRACKETS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #AB ,C4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=,' ,'= ,MUSIC P>5!SES 7R.D
  BRACKETS7
="' ,1= ,V]TICAL BRACKETS SURR.D+
  NOTES OR F1TURES
=;1 "2= ,SQU>E BRACKET ABV ! /AFF
=;1 "'= ,SQU>E BRACKET ABV /AFF )
  UNCLE> 5D+
=;11 ""2= ,DOTT$ SQU>E BRACKET ABV !
  /AFF
=;' ,2= ,SQU>E BRACKET 2L ! /AFF
=;' ,1= ,SQU>E BRACKET 2L /AFF )
  UNCLE> 5D+
=;'' ,,2= ,DOTT$ SQU>E BRACKET 2L !
  /AFF
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #AB-CI4 ,! SIGN = MUSIC P>5!SES
7R.D BRACKETS7 IS US$ Z FOLL[S4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-CI4
            %#D4
  ;>'*_Q#6P#7#6,'%,' _:#<K"
    :#2%?<K

  #AB-DJ4 ,B IF ! SYMBOL 9 PR9T IS A
V]TICAL SQU>E BRACKET1 T 4T9C;N %D 2
%[N 9 BRL4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-DJ4
             %%%#C4
  ;>_[[? S#6\#6 @C\Q#7#"'%,16<K

  #AB-DA4 ,BRACKETS ABV & 2L ! /AFF
>E F.D -MONLY 9 H>MONIC NOT,N1 S* Z
,S*5K] ,ANALYSIS4 ,:]"E BRACKETS
O3UR1 9 ANY K9D ( MUSIC1 ! SIGNS ABV
T H RCVD 9T]N,NAL APPROVAL >E
AVAILA#4
  #AB-DB4 ,-PLETE BRACKETS 3SI/ (A
HORIZONTAL L9E )A %ORT] L9E AT EA*
5D1 DRAWN AT A "R ANGLE 6!
HORIZONTAL4 ,IF ! BRACKET IS ABV !
L9E1 ! SIGNS =;1 "2= >E US$1 & IF X
IS 2L1 ! SIGNS =;' ,2= >E US$4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-DB4
            %%#D4
  ;1;ZFGF ;'Z.IGF,2Z"I"2GF<K

  #AB-DC4 ,IF ! BRACKETS >E DRAWN )
DA%$ OR DOTT$ L9ES1 ! SIGN = DOTT$
BRACKETS IS US$4
           #AB-CI--#AB-DC       #AAE
  ,EXAMPLE #AB-DC4
              %#C4
  _("F;11DF;''7,,2""2_(%"D%ID<K

  #AB-DD4 ,:5 A BRACKET DOES N H A
"R ANGLE AT ! 5D1 X IS 3SID]$ UNCLE>
": ! EXACT 5D+ O3URS4 ,9 T CASE1 !
SIGN ="'= IS US$ AT ! 5D IF !
BRACKET IS ABV ! /AFF1 & =,1= IS US$
IF ! BRACKET IS 2L ! /AFF4

  ,EXAMPLE #AB-DD4
           %%.C
  ;1;ZFGF Z.IGFZ"I"'GF<K














     ,,XIII4 ,,MOD]N ,,NOT,N
             7,TA# #AC7

  #AC-A4 ,:]"E POSSI#1 /&>D BRL
NOT,N %D 2 US$ 9 ALL K9DS ( MUSIC4
,:5 MOD]N BRL NOT,N F ? *APT] IS
US$1 A TRANSCRIB]'S NOTE ( EXPLAN,N
%D APPE> 9 ! SAME VOLUME4

    ,A4 ,NOTES ) ,UNUSUAL ,%APES

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #AC ,A4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=5A= ,BLACK NOTE H1D ) NO /EM
=5B= ;,X-%AP$ NOTE H1D
=5K= ,V]TICAL /EMS T DESIGNATE
  QUASI-NOTES
=5L= ,DIAMOND OR TRIANGLE-%AP$ NOTE
  H1D
=5'= ,5D (A SLANT+ L9E 6DESIGNATE
  APPROXIMATE PIT* 7QUASI-NOTE7
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #AC-B4 ,PR9T NOT,N = MOD]N MUSIC
HAS N BE5 /&>DIZ$4 ,A DIAMOND-%AP$
NOTE-H1D MAY 9DICATE KEYS PRESS$
SIL5TLY ON ! PIANO1 8BR1?Y0 NOTES ON
! FLUTE OR ANY NUMB] ( O!R EXOTIC
           #AB-DD--#AC-B        #AAG
?+S4 ,"!=E1 ! BRL NOT,N 9DICATES !
%APE (! NOTE R ?AN XS M1N+4 ,IF A
DIAMOND-%AP$ NOTE 9DICATES AN
>TIFICIAL H>MONIC 9 /R+ MUSIC 7P>4
#AG-BJ 7B71 OR IF AN ;,X-%AP$ NOTE 9
P]CUS.N MUSIC 9DICATES A "PICUL>
9/RU;T 7P>4 #AH-AF71 ! MOD]N SIGNS
%D N 2 US$4 ,! SIGNS 9 ? *APT] >E
9T5D$ = UNUSUAL1 MOD]N PR9T NOT,N4
  #AC-C4 ,^! SIGNS MAY 2 D\#D
0REP1T+ ! SECOND "* (! SIGN1 I4E41
=5AA= IS A S]IES ( BLACK NOTE H1DS4
  #AC-D4 ,:5 NO SPECIFIC NOTE VALUE
APPE>S1 ! VALUE ( AN #H? NOTE IS
US$ Z 9 ,EXAMPLE #AC-E4
  #AC-E4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #AC-E1 :OLE
NOTES APPE> Z WELL Z BLACK NOTE
H1DS4 ,! :OLE NOTES D N RCV ! NORMAL
F\R B1TS ( CLASSICAL MUSIC4 ,H["E1
2C ! PR9T SYMBOLS >E ID5TICAL 6:OLE
NOTES1 ! NORMAL BRL SIGNS = :OLE
NOTES >E US$4 ,"! IS NO KEY OR "T
SIGNATURE 9 ? MUSIC = TROMB"O2 DOTT$
B> L9ES >E US$ 7,TA# #A ,A47 &
NORMAL EXPRES.N M>KS4



  ,EXAMPLE #AC-E
>#L'>P>C;B_85AA^FCG"
>GLISS'@A<^JC_F,C5A"D^2>3 K
;B%"Y@A5AAJ@A"G@AF@A"
5A*_D^2 K %(<K

  #AC-F4 ,EXAMPLE #AC-F IS = FLUTE4
,"! IS NO "T SIGNATURE4 ,! F/ M1SURE
9DICATES FLUTT] T;GU+ : IS NOTAT$
NORM,Y1 Z A REPETI;N-TYPE ( TREMOLO4
,M1SURE ?REE HAS DIAMOND-%AP$ NOTES4
,2C ( V>Y+ B1TS 9 EA* M1SURE1 GR\P+
IS N US$ =! #CBND NOTES1 B ! SLURS
A3URATELY REFLECT ! PR9T GR\P+4

  ,EXAMPLE #AC-F4
  >/L'>PPP"]^1C<F^1 >PP,<18*;!77
    >PPP;B5LL.PC@A%RC@AT"
    ;NC@APC@ARC@A5L<T^2<K

  #AC-G4 ,EXAMPLE #AC-G F ! SAME
FLUTE PIECE HAS ;,X-%AP$ NOTES4 ,AC
6! P]=M.E DIREC;NS1 ^! >E 8TAPP$-
KEY0 NOTES4 ,ALL P]=M.E DIREC;NS >E1
( C\RSE1 9CLUD$ 9 TRANSCRIP;NS4


            #AC-C--#AC-G        #AAI
  ,EXAMPLE #AC-G4
  >SF'88.8.85BB.ZM>SF.YM"
    >SF'<")M>SF'<"!M"
    >SF'8.85B"=M<K

  #AC-H4 ,EXAMPLE #AC-H HAS #BJ /EMS
OBVI\SLY REPRES5T+ M ?AN J ! #AD
POSSI# HALF /EPS 2T ! 2G9N+ & 5D+
NOTES4 ,09CLUD+ "S 5H>MONIC NOTES1 !
TRANSCRIB] 3VEYS ! IDEA )\T SPECIFY+
: QU>T]-T"OS 6USE4 ,T IS UP 6!
P]=M]4 ,A NOTE 9 ! TRANSCRIP;N %D
MAKE X CLE> T PIT*ES 9 BRL1 Z WELL Z
! /EM SIGNS 9 ! PR9T1 >E ONLY
APPROXIMATE4 ,! SLANT$ L9E ACR !
2G9N+ (! GR\P IS A MOD]N WAY (
9DICAT+ %ORT APPO7IATURAS4

  ,EXAMPLE #AC-H4
>SPICCATO>MF>D'558;8<.H"
5KK%G*GF<F%E*E<E%D*DJ<J%I*I"
<I%H*H<H%G*G5KF>P'58<"F<K

  #AC-I4 ,9 ,EXAMPLE #AC-I ! 5D (!
SLANT+ L9E IS 9DICAT$ Z A QUASI-
NOTE1 AN APPROXIMATE PIT*4 ,IF A "T
VALUE 9DIC,N _H BE5 GIV51 ! L5G? (!
GLISS&O CD H BE5 9CLUD$ Z A VALUE
SIGN OR ) AN 9DIC,N 9 AN IN-A3ORD
"P4 ,? EXAMPLE 9CLUDES A DOTT$ B>
L9E & CLEF SIGNS4 ,! SMALL VALUE
SIGN PREC$ES ! #CBND NOTES 9 !
ABS;E (A "T SIGNATURE4

  ,EXAMPLE #AC-I4
>#L'>D'5A_EC@A5A%D@A"
>GLISS' TR@ES LENT> 5'^G>4 K
>+"L,<18*"T8T<K

          ,B4 ,T"O ,CLU/]S

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #AC ,B4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=^*B= ,T"O CLU/] ) NATURAL SIGN
=^<B= ,T"O CLU/] ) FLAT SIGN
=^%B= ,T"O CLU/] ) %>P SIGN
=^5B= ,T"O CLU/] ) NO A3ID5TALS
  SPECIFI$
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #AC-AJ4 ,9 PR9T1 A T"O CLU/] IS A
?ICK B> OR O!R %APE PLAC$ 2T TWO
NOTES (A *ORD 69DICATE T ALL ! NOTES
2T M/ 2 PLAY$ SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,"S"TS
"O OR M A3ID5TALS >E 9CLUD$4 ,9 BRL1
! T"O CLU/] IS TR1T$ Z A *ORD1 S !
           #AC-H--#AC-AJ        #ABA
SIGN IS PLAC$ 2T ! WRITT5 NOTE & XS
9T]VAL4 ,! T"O-CLU/] SIGN HAS #C
"PS4 ,DOTS #D-E1 =^=1 />T ! CLU/]
FOLL[$ 0ANY PR9T$ A3ID5TALS2 IF "!
>E N"O1 DOTS #B-F1 =5=1 IS 9S]T$4 ,!
SIGN 5DS ) DOTS #A-B1 =B=4
  #AC-AA4 ,A T"O-CLU/] SIGN MAY 2
D\#D 0REP1T+ ! F9AL "*1 I4E41
=^<BB=4
  #AC-AB4 ,9 ! NEXT EXAMPLE1 EA*
T"O CLU/] IS NOTAT$ DI6]5TLY 9 PR9T4
,9 7A71 AN >R[ )A PO9T ON BO? 5DS IS
PR9T$ NEXT 6! /EM 2T ;,D & XS FIF?
2L4 ,! SYMBOLS = BO? A %>P &A
NATURAL >E PR9T$ J 6! LEFT (! >R[1 S
BO? A3ID5TALS APPE> )9 ! CLU/] SIGN
9 BRL4 ,9 7B71 /EM SIGNS ON BO?
SIDES (! TWO ;,F'S JO9 6SURR.D BO?
;,F'S &! SPACE 2T4 ,? 9DICATES !
CLU/]4 ,NO A3ID5TALS APPE> 9 PR9T OR
9 BRL4 ,9 7C71 A ?ICK V]TICAL B>
3NECTS ! TWO NOTES 69DICATE ! CLU/]4
,A %>P SIGN PREC$ES ! #BND OCTAVE
;,A1 &A NATURAL SIGN PREC$ES ! #CRD
OCTAVE ,A4 ,"!=E1 ^? ALT],NS >E %[N
)! SPECIFIC NOTES R ?AN )9 ! CLU/]
SIGN4

  ,EXAMPLE #AC-AB4
  7A7 .>.:^%*B9
  7B7 .>.Q^5B-
  7C7 _>'%^S^5B*-

   ,C4 8,FAN-%AP$0 ,RHY?MIC ,GR\PS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #AC ,C4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=^<1,<1= ,A3EL]&O )9 RHY?MIC GR\P
=,<1^<1= ,RIT>D&O )9 RHY?MIC GR\P
=,<1,<1= ,/1DY RHY?M
=;K= ,5D ( RHY?MIC GR\P Z %[N 9
  PR9T
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #AC-AC4 ,:5 ! LIGATURES OR B1MS (A
RHY?MIC GR\P >E FAN-%AP$ R ?AN
P>ALLEL1 ! NOTES (! GR\P >E 6BE
EXECUT$ Z AN A3EL]&O OR A RIT>D&O4
,/&>D NOTE VALUES >E US$1 B ! GR\P
IS PREC$$ 0! SIGN = A3EL]&O OR
RIT>D&O & FOLL[$ 0! T]M9,N SIGN4 ,IF
! LIGATURES />T TGR & FAN \TW>D ON
SU3E$+ NOTES1 AN A3EL]&O IS 9DICAT$4
,IF ! FAN-%APE IS REV]S$1 A RIT>D&O
IS 9DICAT$4

           #AC-AA--#AC-AC       #ABC
  ,EXAMPLE #AC-AC4
>MF>C^<1,<1_8^I_&=88SSSS;K"
X>F^<1,<1_I!SS;KX"
>FF,<1^<1_S!8I;K<K

  #AC-AD4 ,:5 ! FAN-%APE *ANGES )9 A
RHY?MIC GR\P 2F ! LIGATURES 5D1 !
SIGNS ABV >E US$ ": ! *ANGES TAKE
PLACE4 ,! SIGN =A /1DY RHY?M IS US$
IF ! LIGATURES 2COME P>ALLEL R ?AN
FAN-%AP$ )9 ! PR9T LIGATURE4
,EXAMPLE #AC-AD IS F MUSIC = ,BAYAN4
,2T ! F/ & LA/ *ORDS1 ! PR9T HAS
/EMS ONLY1 S ! SIGN = V]TICAL /EMS
IS US$ & D\#D4

  ,EXAMPLE #AC-AD4
>#L^<1,<1^F//++<##5KKF&&PPPPPP"
,<1,<1PPPPPPPPPPPP,<1^<1PPPP"
&&5KFF/+<#;K<K








          ,D4 ,O!R ,SIGNS

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #C ;,A & ,B4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=@%= =@<= #A/D /EP ALT],N ( PIT*
=_%= =_<= #C/D /EP ALT],N ( PIT*
=#D,'?= ,"T SIGNATURE3 #D OV] QU>T]
  NOTE
=#C,'D= ,"T SIGNATURE3 #C OV] #H?
  NOTE
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

  ,SIGNS F ,TA# #AJ4
777777777777777777777777777777777777
=;<L= ,F]MATA ) SQU>E %APE
=^<L= ,F]MATA ) T5T %APE
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  #AC-AE4 ,! SIGNS 9 ? SEC;N (!
*APT] >E N RE/RICT$ 6MOD]N MUSIC
ONLY4 ,AL? M -MONLY F.D 9 MOD]N
MUSIC1 !Y %D 2 US$ :]"E ! PR9T
SIGNS >E F.D4
  #AC-AF4 ,ALT]+ A PIT* 0"O-QU>T]
/EP IS N A MOD]N 9V5;N4 ,X IS 9CLUD$
"H 2C X APPE>S M -MONLY 9 MOD]N ?AN
9 /&>D MUSIC4 ,! PR9T SIGNS V>Y4
,>R[S PO9T+ UP OR D[N1 NUMB]S
           #AC-AD--#AC-AF       #ABE
9DICAT+ SPECIFIC MICROT"OS & O!R
M1NS >E US$4 ,"O (! M -MON SYMBOLS
=A #A/D /EP HI<] IS A %>P ) ONLY "O
V]TICAL L9E4 ,= #C/D T"O HI<]1 A %>P
SYMBOL ) ?REE V]TICAL L9ES IS US$4
,9 T PR9T SY/EM1 ! SYMBOL = #A/D T"O
FLAT IS A FLAT SIGN PR9T$ BACKW>DS4
,=TUNATELY1 ^! >E USU,Y A3OMPANI$ BY
FOOTNOTES OR EXPLANATORY NOTES T M/
2 9CLUD$ 9 ! TRANSCRIP;N Z WELL Z AN
9DIC,N (! BRL SIGNS 2+ US$4 ,9
,EXAMPLE #AC-AF1 ! PR9T USES SMALL
>R[S PLUS ! FOOTNOTE 6EXPLA9 ! M1N+
(! >R[S4 ,MUSIC =A BL T1*] %D AL
9CLUDE A DESCRIP;N (! TYPE ( PR9T
9DIC,N T APPE>S4

  ,EXAMPLE #AC-AF4
  >59@<"EC@A@<Q''<K
    >59 #A/D TONE LOWER

  #AC-AG4 ,-POS]S D N AGREE ON !
M1N+ ( UNUSUAL F]MATA SIGNS4 ,!
F]MATA )A 8SQU>E0 %APE HAS BE5 US$ Z
8A V L;G PAUSE0 & AL Z 8A %ORT
PAUSE0 0DI6]5T -POS]S4 ,! SAME IS
TRUE (! F]MATA )! %APE (A 8T5T0 OR
AN 8UMBRELLA04 ,"!=E1 ! %APE1 R ?AN
! M1N+1 IS 9CLUD$ 9 BRL4 ,! 9ITIAL
SIGN =A F]MATA ON A B> L9E1 DOTS #D-
#E-F1 OR =A F]MATA 2T NOTES1 DOT #E1
C 2 A4$ 6^! SIGNS Z 9 ! EXAMPLE 2L4

  ,EXAMPLE #AC-AG4
  >#L'>MF>C'5^JCF";<L5ICF";<L"
  5<JCF";<L5%GCF>D'5^HCF";<L"
  5<JCF5ICFX5%GCF>4 K_;<L '''<K

  #AC-AH4 ,:5 A NOTE APPE>S 9 A "T
SIGNATURE1 X IS PREC$$ 0DOTS #F1 #C4
,! NOTE ;,C IS US$ 6REPRES5T ! VALUE
%[N 9 PR9T4 ,! F/ "T SIGNATURE 2L IS
#C OV] A DOTT$ #AF? NOTE4 ,! NEXT IS
#D OV] A DOTT$ #AF?4 ,! MUSIC IS F A
SOLO = /R+ BASS4

  ,EXAMPLE #AC-AH4
         #C,',<1Y'
>#L'*"Z'%='Z' #D,'Y' _8*"H'"
<_H'C <J'_8D'<K

  #AC-AI4 ,O!R UNUSUAL "T SIGNATURES
9CLUDE TWO "T SIGNATURES SIDE-BY-
SIDE & SIGNATURES ) M ?AN "O UPP]
NUMB]4 ,"S"TS ^! NUMB]S >E SEP>AT$
           #AC-AG--#AC-AI       #ABG
0A SPACE1 "S"TS 0A PLUS SIGN & "S"TS
0A HYPH54 ,9 G5]AL1 PR9T IS FOLL[$4
,:5 PLUS SIGNS >E 9VOLV$1 EA* N,N
USES XS [N SIGN4 ,EXAMPLE #AC-AI
GIVES TWO ILLU/R,NS4 ,9 ! F/1 TWO "T
SIGNATURES >E TGR 9 PR9T & 9 BRL4 ,!
SECOND "T SIGNATURE IS #D PLUS #B
PLUS #C OV] AN #H4

  ,EXAMPLE #AC-AI4
  <#D4#C2
  #D+B+C8

            333333333333














